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On the other hand, they can also optimize their operations decisions in production, transportation, and inventory to reduce carbon emissions. This approach may reduce more carbon emis- sions with less or no cost than adopting low-energy-consumption technologies (Benjaafar et al., 2010). However, industry and academia seem to have largely ignored this approach to environ- mental protection. According to a survey by Accenture, only 10% of companies actively model their supply chain carbon footprints and have implemented successful sustainability initiatives. More than one-third (37%) of supply chain executives have no aware- ness of the levels of supply chain emissions in their supply chain networks (Accenture, 2009).The literature on carbon footprint management in supply chain is also very sparse. Some studies focus on the measurement method of carbon emissions in supply chains. Carbontrust (2006) develops a methodology to determine the carbon footprints of different products by analyzing the carbon emissions generated by the energy used across the supply chain. Cholette and Venkat (2009) calculate the energy and carbon emissions associated with each transportation link and storage echelon in a wine supply chain. They find that different supply chain configurations can result in vastly different energy consumption and carbon emis- sions. Mtalaa et al. (2009) review the current measurement and calculation models that compute CO2 emissions from truck transportation. Sundarakani et al. (2009) present an analytical model that measures carbon emissions from both stationary and non-stationary supply chain processes. Chaabane et al. (2010) introduced a mixed-integer linear programming based framework for sustainable supply chain design, their model demonstrated that efficient carbon management strategies will help decision makers to achieve sustainability objectives in a cost-effective manner.
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