Alexander Graham BellBorn: March 3,

Alexander Graham Bell

Born: March 3, 1847
Edinburgh, Scotland
Died: August 2, 1922
Baddeck, Nova Scotia
Inventor and educator

Because of family tradition and upbringing, Alexander Graham Bell was, perhaps, destined to create one of the world's most commonly used inventions today: the telephone. He came from two generations of men who were students of speech and language and a hard-of-hearing mother who was a musician. These influences led him to dedicate his life to science and sound as well as to the education of the deaf.

"It is possible to connect every man's house, office or factory with a central station, so as to give him direct communication with his neighbors."
Teacher of the Deaf

Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the middle of three sons born to Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Grace Symonds. Alexander Melville's father, Alexander Bell, had been an actor and later became a speech teacher. Alexander Melville followed in his footsteps and worked for many years as a teacher of elocution, which is the art of speaking correctly and effectively. He also studied the way a person uses his larynx, mouth, tongue, and lips to form sounds. After years of teaching and study, Bell invented Visible Speech, a set of symbols based on the position and action of the throat, tongue, and lips while making sounds. This technique would later be used in the education of the deaf.

Eliza Grace, the daughter of a surgeon in the Royal Navy, was an accomplished pianist despite the fact that she was hearing impaired. She was able to hear some sounds with the use of a speaking tube. She was Alexander Graham's first and most important teacher.

In 1865, the Bell family moved to London where Alexander Melville continued the work begun by his father who had recently died. In London, Alexander Graham became his father's assistant and studied anatomy and physiology at University College. He also began experimenting with the transmission of sounds using his family's piano and tuning forks. But his discoveries would soon be placed on hold. By 1870, both of his brothers had died of tuberculosis, and his father persuaded his family to move to Brantford, Ontario, Canada, where he considered the climate to be better for their health.

Alexander Melville had become well known for his work with Visible Speech, and when he was invited to introduce this technique to Sarah Fuller's School for the Deaf in Boston, he instead sent his partner and son, Alexander Graham. From then on, Alexander Graham Bell dedicated his life to teaching the deaf and developing new instruments for their use. He visited various schools for the deaf in the Boston area, and in 1873, he became professor of vocal physiology and the mechanics of speech. He presented lectures at Boston University and the University of Oxford.

When he was a teenager, Alexander Graham Bell and his older brother made a "speaking machine" that mechanically produced vocal sounds. A local butcher had given them a larynx from a lamb, and the boys made a model of the lamb's vocal organs. They attached levers that moved the organs. When they blew into a tube, it moved the levers which, in turn, made the organs produce sounds like human cries.

Bell also began to take private deaf students. From 1873 until 1876, Bell had the sole responsibility of educating the five-year-old, deaf son of Thomas Sanders in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Sanders would later become treasurer of the Bell Telephone Company. At the same time, Bell met another influential man, Gardiner G. Hubbard, who also had a deaf child and was dedicated to her education. Hubbard later became trustee of the Bell Telephone Company. On July 11, 1877, Bell, a slender, dark-haired young man, married Hubbard's eighteen-year-old daughter, Mabel, who had been deaf since early childhood.
A Man of Inventions

Thomas Sanders and Gardiner Hubbard were so impressed with Bell, they encouraged him to pursue his ideas and continue with his experiments. And they gave him the money to do it. At that time, Bell worked mostly on three kinds of equipment: a phonoautograph, a device that would help a deaf person see a sound; a multiple telegraph, a device that could transmit two or more messages over wire at the same time; and an electric speaking telegraph, or telephone.

All of the experiences he had prior to 1876, led Bell to one of the greatest inventions in history. He had a special ear for pitch and tones, thanks to music lessons with his mother; he had a mind for science like his father and grandfather; and he had knowledge gained from his experiments with the telegraph and other sound-producing devices. Bell developed a basic concept for the phone and worked diligently for over a year to get it to work. Finally, he discovered that he could reproduce the tone and overtones of the human voice through a wire.

Bell gave the plans to build the first telephone to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson (1854-1934), and on March 10, 1876, they used the phone to communicate for the first time. Two months later, Bell introduced the telephone to the scientific world at the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston. By July 1877, the Bell Telephone Company was formed and the first telephone was installed in a private home.

Bell continued experimenting with communication equipment and developed many noteworthy devices including the photophone, a device that transmits sound on a beam of light. The photophone was the predecessor of today's optical fiber systems. He also worked on an audiometer, an instrument used to measure how well a person hears, and the first successful phonograph record.

Beginning in 1895, Bell's scientific interests moved into the area of aviation. He worked with a friend, Samuel P. Langley, on things like gunpowder rockets and the rotating blades of helicopters. Bell eventually received five patents for aerial vehicles and four for a system called hydrodynamics, which propels a vehicle by skimming the surface of water.
After the Phone

Bell, his wife, and two daughters moved from Boston to Washington, D.C., in 1882, where he became a United States citizen. By this time, he had become a stout man with a full, gray beard, reminiscent of Santa Claus. And, just like Santa, his benevolent acts continued throughout his lifetime.

Patricia F. Russo: Lucent's New Leader

Taking over a failing company is not a job many want. After losing $16 million and 90 percent of its stock value, one of Lucent's goals for 2002 was to find a leader who would help them at least break even. The company found just the person to fill the job: Patricia F. Russo

Russo was born in New Jersey, one of seven children. "In a big family, everyone pitches in," she said in a 2002 Wall Street journal interview. She attended college at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard University, and received an Honorary Doctorate in Entrepreneurial Studies from Columbia College in South Carolina.

Russo began her business career in sales and marketing at IBM, one of the leading technology companies in the world. Although she majored in political science and history, not computer science, she was able to successfully sell mainframes and other computer equipment. At the time, she was one of only a few women who held this type of job. In 1981, she joined AT&T as a manager, and from 1992 through 1996, she was president of AT&T's Business Communications Systems division.

In 1996, Russo was one of the founding executives who helped launch Lucent Technologies. She remained at Lucent for the next five years. From 2001 to 2002, Russo was president and chief operating officer (COO) of Eastman Kodak Company (see entry). She returned to Lucent in January 2002, as president and CEO.

After it was announced that Russo would fill the job as leader of Lucent, she said that she would focus on employee morale and building customer relationships. In a 2002 Wall Street journal article, the authors said, "The fact that Ms. Russo has played golf since she was a teenager probably doesn't hurt her sales pitch. Nor does the fact that she knows her customers extremely well." Russo was named one of the "50 Most Powerful Women in American Business" by Fortune magazine in 1998, 1999, and 2001.

He was partly responsible for ensuring the advancement of science and Bell continued research to benefit the deaf. He helped develop the journal Science in 1880, became president of the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf in 1890, joined the board of the Smithsonian Institution in 1898, served as president of the National Geographic Society from 1898 to 1903, succeeding his father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, who was founder of the society, and organized the Aerial Experiment Association in 1907.

During most of his later years, Bell and his family spent increasingly more time at a Baddeck, Nova Scotia, summer home they had purchased in 1886. Eventually they lived there year-round. Bell continued his work, often working and studying past midnight, enjoying the solitude of the quiet hours when everyone else was asleep. He died there at the age of seventy-five.

Alexander Graham Bell will always be remembered as the inventor of the telephone. But his life and works reached far beyond that. For his two daughters, nine grandchildren, and the countless numbers of deaf and hearing children who crossed his path, perhaps he was also remembered as a kind soul and a good teacher

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Aleksandr Graham Bell Born: Mart 3, 1847 Edinburgh, Shotlandiya o'lgan: Avgust 2, 1922 Baddeck, Novak Scotia ixtirochi va o'qituvchi Chunki oila odati va tarbiya, Aleksandr Graham Bell edi, ehtimol, dunyodagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan ixtirolar yaratish taqdir Bugungi kunda: telefon. U so'z va til va bir musiqachi bo'lgan qattiq-of-eshitish ona talabalari erkaklarning ikki avlod keldi. Ushbu ta'sir fan hayotini bag'ishlash va kar ta'lim, shuningdek ovoz uni olib keldi. "unga qo'shnilari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri muloqot bermoq uchun, Bu, bir markaziy stantsiya bilan har bir insonning uy, ofis yoki zavod ulash mumkin . " kar o'qituvchisi Aleksandr Graham Bell Edinburgda, Shotlandiya, 3 mart, 1847 tug'ilgan. U Aleksandr Melville Bell va Eliza Grace Symonds tug'ilgan uch o'g'li o'rta edi. Aleksandr Melville otasi, Aleksandr Bell, bir aktyor bo'lgan va keyinchalik nutq o'qituvchi bo'ldi. Aleksandr Melville uning izidan ta'qib va to'g'ri va samarali nutq san'atidir notiqlik san'ati bir o'qituvchi sifatida ko'p yillar ishlagan. U, shuningdek, bir kishi tovushlarni hosil qilish uchun uning tomoq, og'iz, til, va lablarini foydalanadi yo'l o'rganildi. Tovushlarni paytida ta'lim va o'rganish yildan so'ng, Bell NGC Nutq, tomoq, tilning holatiga va harakatlar asoslangan belgilar majmuini va lablarini bormang. Bunday texnik, keyinchalik kar. Tarbiyalashda foydalanish edi Eliza ne'mati, Royal floti bir jarroh qizi, u nogiron, eshitish edi qaramay muvaffaqiyatli pianinochi bo'ldi. U bir nutq kolba foydalanish bilan ba'zi tovushlarni eshitish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi. U. Aleksandr Graham birinchi va eng muhim o'qituvchisi edi Aleksandr Melville yaqinda vafot etgan, otasi bilan boshlagan ishini davom ettirdi qaerda 1865 yilda Bell oila Londonga ko'chib o'tdi. Londonda, Aleksandr Graham otasining yordamchisi bo'ldi va University kolleji anatomiya va fiziologiya o'qib. U, shuningdek, o'z oilasining pianino va tuning vilkalar yordamida tovushlar uzatish bilan tajribalar boshladi. Lekin uning kashfiyotlar yaqinda ushlab turiladi bo'ladi. 1870 yilga kelib, uning aka-ukalari, har ikki sil vafot etgan, otasi u o'z salomatligi uchun yaxshi bo'lishi uchun. Muhitini ko'rib Brantford, Ontario, Kanada, ko'chib oilasini ko'ndira Aleksandr Melville yaxshi NGC bilan uning ishi uchun ma'lum bo'lgan edi U Boston kar uchun Sarah Fuller maktabi uchun, bu ibora tanitish uchun taklif etildi nutq, va u o'rniga uning sherigi va o'g'li Aleksandr Graham yubordi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab, Aleksandr Graham Bell kar o'qitish va ularning foydalanish uchun yangi vositalar ishlab chiqish uchun o'z hayotini bag'ishlagan. U Boston sohada kar uchun turli maktablari tashrif buyurdi, va 1873 yilda, u vokal fiziologiya professor va so'z mexanikasi bo'ldi. U Boston universitetida va Oksford. Universitetida ma'ruzalar taqdim u bir yigit bor edi, Aleksandr Graham Bell va uning akasi mexanik vokal tovushlarni ishlab chiqarilgan bir "nutq mashinasi" qildi. A mahalliy qonxo'r ularga Qo'zi bir paychalarining bergan, va o'g'il Qo'zining vokal organlarining modelini qildi. Ular organlari ko'chib qo'llarini biriktirilgan. Ular bir kolba ichiga portladi qachon, u esa o'z navbatida, organlar, inson hayqirib kabi tovushlar ishlab chiqaradi. Yasalgan, qo'llarini ko'chib Bell ham xususiy kar talabalar qabul qilish boshlandi. 1873 yildan boshlab 1876 yilga qadar, Bell Haverhill, Massachusetts Tomas Sanders besh yoshli, kar o'g'lini ta'lim javobgar edi. Sanders keyinchalik Bell telefon kompaniyasi g'aznachi bo'ladi. Shu bilan bir vaqtda, Bell ham bir kar bolani edi va uning ta'lim bag'ishlangan yana bir nufuzli kishini, ADGardiner G. Hubbard, uchrashdi. Hubbard keyinchalik Bell telefon kompaniyasi vasiylik bo'ldi. 11 iyul, 1877, Bell, ingichka, qora sochli yigit kuni erta bolalikdan kar edi Hubbard ning o'n sakkiz yashar qizini, Mabel, uylangan. ixtirolar A Man Tomas Sanders va ADGardiner Hubbard Bell bilan juda ham ta'sir qilgan ular uning fikrlari ta'qib va uning tajribalar bilan davom etish uchun uni da'vat. Va ular unga buni pul berdi. O'sha paytda, Bell uskunalar uch turlari bo'yicha asosan ishlagan: a phonoautograph, bir kar odam bir ovoz qarang yordam beradi, bir qurilma; Bir necha telegraf, bir vaqtning o'zida tel ustida ikki yoki undan ko'p xabarlarni uzatish mumkin bo'lgan qurilma; va elektr nutq telegraf, yoki telefon. u avvalgi 1876 kerak edi tajriba barcha, tarixida eng buyuk ixtirolar biriga Bell olib keldi. U maydonda va ohanglari, onasi bilan musiqa darslarida tufayli uchun maxsus qulog'i bor edi; O'shanda u otasi va bobosi kabi ilm-fan uchun fikringizni edi; va u ilm telegraf va boshqa tovush-ishlab chiqarish qurilmalar bilan tajribalar olingan edi. Bell telefon uchun asosiy kontseptsiyasini ishlab chiqish va uni ishga qabul qilish bir yildan ortiq uchun sidqidildan mehnat qildi. Nihoyat, u bir tel orqali inson ovoziga va kelib chiqishi tasvirlamoq mumkin, deb topilgan. Bell, uning yordamchisi, Tomas A. Watson (1854-1934) birinchi telefon qurish rejalarini berdi, va 10 mart, 1876 bo'yicha Ular birinchi marta muloqot qilish uchun telefoningizni ishlatiladi. Ikki oy o'tib, Bell Bostondagi san'at va Fanlar akademiyasining ilmiy dunyoga telefon taqdim etdi. Iyul 1877 By, Bell telefon kompaniyasi tashkil etildi va birinchi telefon xususiy uyda o'rnatilgan edi. Bell aloqa uskunalari bilan tajriba davom va photophone, yorug'lik bir xoda ustida ovoz qilur bir qurilma, shu jumladan, ko'p diqqatga sazovor qurilmalar ishlab chiqilgan. photophone bugungi optik tolali tizimlar salafiy edi. U, shuningdek, bir audiometr, bir kishi eshitadi qanday yaxshi o'lchash uchun ishlatiladigan bir vositasi ustida ishlagan, va birinchi muvaffaqiyatli yondirib rekord. 1895 yildan boshlab, Bellning ilmiy qiziqishlari aviatsiyasi sohasida ko'chib keldi. U porox raketa va vertolyot qaytgan pichoqlar kabi narsalar, bir do'stim, Samuel P. Langley bilan ishlagan. Bell axir. Suv yuzasiga eshitish bilan bir transport vositasini yurgizib hidrodinamik ismli bir tizimi, besh havo transport vositalari uchun patent va to'rt qabul Phone so'ng Bell, xotini va ikki qizi 1882, qaerda Vashingtonda, Boston ko'chib U Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari fuqarosi bo'ldi. Bu vaqtga kelib, u Santa Claus eslatgan bir to'liq, kul rang soqolli bir semiz odam, bo'lgan edi. Va, faqat Santa kabi, uning hayriya aktlar uning umri davomida davom etdi. Patricia F. Russo: Lucent yangi rahbari ko'p bo'lgan, bir ish emas, balki bir ayb kompaniya ustidan olgan holda. $ 16 million va uning fond qiymati 90 foizi, yutqazib 2002 uchun Lucent ning maqsadlaridan biri ularga kamida hatto sindirish yordam beradi, bir yo'lboshchi topish edi. Kompaniya ish to'ldirish uchun faqat shaxsni qildi: Patricia F. Russo Russo Nyu-Jersi, etti bolalar birida tug'ilgan. "Katta oila yili, har bir kishi ichida moyli," u bir 2002 Wall Street kundalik intervyusida. U Vashingtondagi Jorjtaun universitetida kollejida qatnashdi, Garvard universitetida Advanced Management dasturi yakunlandi, va Janubiy Karolina. Kolumbiya kolleji tadbirkor tadqiqotlari fahriy doktorlik qabul IBM savdo va marketing, uning ish faoliyatini, birini boshladi Russo Dunyodagi etakchi texnologiyalar kompaniyalari. U siyosiy ilm-fan va tarixi emas, balki kompyuter fani bo'yicha ta'lim olgan bo'lsa-da, u muvaffaqiyatli boshliqlari tizimlar va boshqa kompyuter uskunalari sotish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi. Bilan birga, u ishning bu turi bo'lib, faqat bir necha ayollardan biri edi. 1981 yilda, u bir rahbar sifatida AT & T qo'shildi, va 1992 dan 1996 orqali, u AT & T biznes aloqa tizimlari bo'limi prezidenti bo'ldi. 1996 yilda, Russo Lucent Technologies ishga yordam kim ta'sis rahbarlari biri edi. U keyingi besh yil davomida Lucent qoldi. 2001 yildan 2002 yilgacha, Russo Eastman Kodak Company (usulidan qarang) prezidenti va bosh operatsion direktor (COO) edi. U. Prezidenti va bosh direktori sifatida, 2002 yil yanvar oyida Lucent qaytib u Russo Lucent rahbari sifatida ish to'ldirish deb e'lon qilindi so'ng, u xodimlarning tushkunlikka va qurilish mijozlar munosabatlar haqida o'ylash aytdi. 2002 Wall Street kundalik maqolada, yozuvchilar, "xonim Russo u o'smirlik ehtimol uning savdo pitch zarar bermaydi beri golf o'ynashdi. Nor ayni haqiqatdir u juda yaxshi, uning mijozlar biladi, haqiqatni qiladi», dedilar. Russo 1998 yilda Fortune jurnali tomonidan "Amerika Ish 50 ta eng kuchli Ayol" biri, 1999, va 2001 deb nomlandi U ilm-fan rivojlanib ta'minlash uchun qisman mas'ul edi va Bell karlarga foyda tadqiqot davom etdi. U 1880 yilda jurnalini Ilmiy ishlab chiqishga yordam berdi 1890 yilda kar uchun So'z o'qitish ko'maklashish Amerika uyushmasi prezidenti bo'ldi, 1898 yilda Smitson institutining kengashini qo'shildi, to 1898 dan National Geographic jamiyati prezidenti sifatida xizmat 1903, uning qaynata muvaffaqiyat, jamiyat asoschisi edi, va 1907. yilda havo Tajriba assotsiatsiyasi tashkil ADGardiner Hubbard, uning keyingi yillarda eng chog'ida Bell va uning oilasi Izmir Eskishahar, Novak Scotia da tobora ko'proq vaqt , yoz uy ular 1886 yil ichida sotib olgan Oxir-oqibat ular u erda yil davomida yashagan. Bell ko'pincha ishchi va yarim tunda o'tgan o'rganish, boshqa har bir kishi uxlab edi jim soat yolg'izlik zavq, uning ishini davom ettirdi. U etmish besh. Yoshida u erda vafot har doim telefon kashfiyotchisi sifatida eslab o'tadi Aleksandr Graham Bell. Lekin uning hayoti va asarlari ham a'loroq etdi. Uning ikki qizi, to'qqiz nevaralari, va kar sanoqsiz raqamlari va uning yo'lini kesib eshitish bolalar uchun, ehtimol u ham bir xil jon va yaxshi o'qituvchi sifatida esladi edi