and faecal droppings. The matrix ge

and faecal droppings. The matrix gene of avian influenza type A virus
was detected using a specific real-time reverse-transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, and positive samples
were further tested in RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection of the H7
and N9 genes. Among the 733 samples tested, 46 (26 prospective, 20
retrospective) were confirmed positive for influenza A, a prevalence
of 6.3% (95% CI 4.6 to 8.3). The influenza A-positive samples were
from areas in the south of Bhutan that had experienced previous
outbreaks of highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1). None of the
samples tested positive for H7N9 strains, providing evidence that
influenza A(H7N9) virus was not present in the sampled population.
A risk-based approach for surveillance of influenza A(H7N9) and
H5N1 is recommended in Bhutan, based on the epidemiology of the
disease in China and other countries in South and Southeast Asia.
Keywords
Bhutan – Emergency surveillance – Novel avian influenza A(H7N9)
virus – Poultry bird – Wild bird.
Introduction
On 31 March 2013, three human cases of infection with a novel
influenza A(H7N9) virus in Eastern China (Shanghai, Anhui
Province) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by
the public health authorities of the People’s Republic of China, in
accordance with International Health Regulations (1). Following that
report, H7N9 was the subject of increasing global attention because of
the growing number of new cases, accompanied by a relatively high
mortality rate, in other provinces in China (2, 3). By 31 May 2013, a
total of 132 laboratory-confirmed human cases, of which 39 were
fatal, had been reported from eight provinces (1). A further two cases
were reported in July. In October the same year the disease reemerged
with a second wave of human cases reported from a number
of provinces in China (4, 5, 6). At the same time, H7N9 virus was
laboratory-confirmed in poultry. Environmental samples and
epidemiological and virological studies have shown that human
infection appears to be associated with exposure to live poultry or
Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 34 (3)
No. 19082015-00057-EN 3/13
contaminated environments, including markets where

Results (Indonesian) 2:

dan kotoran feses. Gen matriks flu burung tipe virus A
terdeteksi menggunakan spesifik real-time reverse-transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, dan sampel positif
diuji lebih lanjut di RT-qPCR untuk deteksi simultan dari H7
dan gen N9. Di antara 733 sampel yang diuji, 46 (26 calon, 20
retrospektif) yang dikonfirmasi positif influenza A, prevalensi
6,3% (95% CI 4,6-8,3). Sampel A-positif influenza yang
dari daerah di selatan Bhutan yang pernah mengalami sebelumnya
wabah yang sangat patogen influenza A (H5N1). Tak satu pun dari
sampel yang diuji positif untuk H7N9 strain, memberikan bukti bahwa
virus influenza A (H7N9) tidak hadir dalam populasi sampel.
Pendekatan berbasis risiko untuk pengawasan influenza A (H7N9) dan
H5N1 dianjurkan di Bhutan, berdasarkan epidemiologi dari
penyakit di Cina dan negara-negara lain di Asia Selatan dan Tenggara.
Kata kunci
Bhutan - surveilans Darurat - Novel flu burung A (H7N9)
virus - Unggas burung -. burung liar
Pendahuluan
Pada 31 Maret 2013, tiga kasus manusia infeksi dengan novel
virus influenza A (H7N9) di Cina Timur (Shanghai, Anhui
Province) dilaporkan ke Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) oleh
otoritas kesehatan masyarakat dari Republik Rakyat Cina, di
sesuai dengan Peraturan Kesehatan Internasional (1). Setelah itu
laporan, H7N9 adalah subyek meningkatkan perhatian global karena
meningkatnya jumlah kasus baru, disertai dengan relatif tinggi
angka kematian, di provinsi lain di Cina (2, 3). Tanggal 31 Mei 2013,
total 132 kasus manusia yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, dari yang 39 yang
fatal, telah dilaporkan dari delapan provinsi (1). Selanjutnya dua kasus
dilaporkan pada bulan Juli. Pada bulan Oktober tahun yang sama penyakit muncul kembali
dengan gelombang kedua kasus manusia yang dilaporkan dari sejumlah
provinsi di China (4, 5, 6). Pada saat yang sama, virus H7N9 itu
dikonfirmasi laboratorium pada unggas. Sampel lingkungan dan
studi epidemiologi dan virologi telah menunjukkan bahwa manusia
infeksi tampaknya terkait dengan paparan hidup unggas atau
Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 34 (3)
No. 19.082.015-00.057-EN 13/3
lingkungan tercemar, termasuk pasar di mana