When Repair and Adaptation FailWhenRepairFails Although repair mechani translation - When Repair and Adaptation FailWhenRepairFails Although repair mechani Indonesian how to say

When Repair and Adaptation FailWhen

When Repair and Adaptation Fail
WhenRepairFails Although repair mechanisms operate at molecular,
cellular, and tissue levels, for various reasons they often fail
to provide protection against injury. First, the fidelity of the repair
mechanisms is not absolute, making it possible for some lesions to
be overlooked. However, repair fails most typically when the damage
overwhelms the repair mechanisms, as when protein thiols are
oxidized faster than they can be reduced. In other instances, the capacity
of repair may become exhausted when necessary enzymes
or cofactors are consumed. For example, alkylation of DNA may
lead to consumption of O6-methyguanine-DNA-methyltransferase,
and lipid peroxidation can deplete alpha-tocopherol. Sometimes the
toxicant-induced injury adversely affects the repair process itself.
For example, ethanol generates ROS via CYP2E1 which impairs
proteosomal removal of damaged proteins. After exposure to necrogenic
chemicals, mitosis of surviving cells may be blocked and
restoration of the tissue becomes impossible (Mehendale, 2005).
Finally, some types of toxic injuries cannot be repaired effectively, as
occurs when xenobiotics are covalently bound to proteins. Thus, toxicity
is manifested when repair of the initial injury fails because the
repair mechanisms become overwhelmed, exhausted, or impaired
or are genuinely inefficient.
It is also possible that repair contributes to toxicity. This may
occur in a passive manner, for example, if excessive amounts of
NAD+ are cleaved by PARP when this enzyme assists in repairing
broken DNA strands, or when too much NAD(P)H is consumed for
the repair of oxidized proteins and endogenous reductants. Either
event can compromise oxidative phosphorylation, which is also dependent
on the supply of reduced cofactors (see Fig. 3-13), thus
causing or aggravating ATP depletion that contributes to cell injury.
Excision repair of DNA and reacylation of lipids also contribute to
cellular deenergization and injury by consuming significant amounts
of ATP. However, repair also may play an active role in toxicity.
This is observed after chronic tissue injury, when the repair process
goes astray and leads to uncontrolled proliferation instead of tissue
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When Repair and Adaptation FailWhenRepairFails Although repair mechanisms operate at molecular,cellular, and tissue levels, for various reasons they often failto provide protection against injury. First, the fidelity of the repairmechanisms is not absolute, making it possible for some lesions tobe overlooked. However, repair fails most typically when the damageoverwhelms the repair mechanisms, as when protein thiols areoxidized faster than they can be reduced. In other instances, the capacityof repair may become exhausted when necessary enzymesor cofactors are consumed. For example, alkylation of DNA maylead to consumption of O6-methyguanine-DNA-methyltransferase,and lipid peroxidation can deplete alpha-tocopherol. Sometimes thetoxicant-induced injury adversely affects the repair process itself.For example, ethanol generates ROS via CYP2E1 which impairsproteosomal removal of damaged proteins. After exposure to necrogenicchemicals, mitosis of surviving cells may be blocked andrestoration of the tissue becomes impossible (Mehendale, 2005).Finally, some types of toxic injuries cannot be repaired effectively, asoccurs when xenobiotics are covalently bound to proteins. Thus, toxicityis manifested when repair of the initial injury fails because therepair mechanisms become overwhelmed, exhausted, or impairedor are genuinely inefficient.It is also possible that repair contributes to toxicity. This mayterjadi secara pasif, misalnya, jika berlebihan jumlahNAD + yang diurai oleh PARP ketika enzim ini membantu dalam memperbaikipatah untai DNA, atau Kapan H NAD (P) terlalu dikonsumsi untukperbaikan teroksidasi protein dan endogen reductants. Baikacara dapat membahayakan fosforilasi oksidatif, yang juga merupakan ketergantunganpada pasokan berkurang kofaktor (Lihat gambar 3-13), dengan demikianmenyebabkan dan memperburuk deplesi ATP yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap cedera sel.Eksisi perbaikan DNA dan reacylation lipid juga berkontribusi terhadapdeenergization seluler dan cedera dengan mengkonsumsi jumlah yang signifikanATP. Namun, perbaikan juga mungkin memainkan peran aktif dalam toksisitas.Ini diamati setelah cedera jaringan kronis, ketika proses perbaikantersesat dan mengarah ke proliferasi yang tidak terkendali bukan jaringan
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Ketika Perbaikan dan Adaptasi Gagal
WhenRepairFails Meskipun mekanisme perbaikan beroperasi pada molekul,
tingkat seluler, dan jaringan, karena berbagai alasan mereka sering gagal
untuk memberikan perlindungan terhadap cedera. Pertama, kesetiaan perbaikan
mekanisme tidak mutlak, sehingga memungkinkan untuk beberapa lesi untuk
diabaikan. Namun, perbaikan gagal paling biasanya ketika kerusakan
menguasai mekanisme perbaikan, seperti ketika tiol protein yang
dioksidasi lebih cepat daripada mereka dapat dikurangi. Dalam kasus lain, kapasitas
perbaikan dapat menjadi lelah ketika enzim yang diperlukan
atau kofaktor dikonsumsi. Misalnya, alkilasi DNA dapat
menyebabkan konsumsi O6-methyguanine-DNA-methyltransferase,
dan peroksidasi lipid dapat menguras alpha-tocopherol. Kadang-kadang
cedera racun-diinduksi merugikan mempengaruhi proses perbaikan itu sendiri.
Sebagai contoh, etanol menghasilkan ROS melalui CYP2E1 yang mengganggu
penghapusan proteosomal protein yang rusak. Setelah paparan necrogenic
kimia, mitosis sel hidup dapat diblokir dan
pemulihan jaringan menjadi tidak mungkin (Mehendale, 2005).
Akhirnya, beberapa jenis cedera beracun tidak dapat diperbaiki secara efektif, seperti
terjadi ketika xenobiotik secara kovalen terikat dengan protein. Dengan demikian, toksisitas
diwujudkan ketika perbaikan cedera awal gagal karena
mekanisme perbaikan menjadi kewalahan, kelelahan, atau gangguan
atau yang benar-benar efisien.
Hal ini juga mungkin bahwa perbaikan kontribusi untuk toksisitas. Hal ini dapat
terjadi secara pasif, misalnya, jika berlebihan
NAD + yang dibelah oleh PARP ketika enzim ini membantu dalam memperbaiki
untaian DNA yang rusak, atau ketika terlalu banyak NAD (P) H dikonsumsi untuk
perbaikan protein teroksidasi dan reduktan endogen . Entah
acara bisa kompromi fosforilasi oksidatif, yang juga tergantung
pada pasokan berkurang kofaktor (lihat Gambar. 3-13), sehingga
menyebabkan atau deplesi ATP menjengkelkan yang memberikan kontribusi ke sel cedera.
Perbaikan Eksisi DNA dan reacylation lipid juga berkontribusi
seluler deenergization dan cedera dengan mengkonsumsi sejumlah besar
ATP. Namun, perbaikan juga mungkin memainkan peran aktif dalam toksisitas.
Ini diamati setelah cedera jaringan kronis, ketika proses perbaikan
tersesat dan menyebabkan proliferasi tidak terkendali bukan jaringan
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