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EtiologyMycobacteriosis is a chronic or acute, systemic, granulomatous disease thatoccurs in aquarium and culture food fish, particularly those reared under intensiveconditions. Mycobacteriosis results from infection by several species ofMycobacterium, aerobic, Gram-positive, pleomorphic rods which are members of theorder Actinomycetales and family Mycobacteriaceae. Mycobacteria are widespread inthe environment, particularly in aquatic reservoirs. The two most important speciescausing mycobacteriosis in fish and humans are Mycobacterium marinum andMycobacterium fortuitum. Other species known to cause mycobacterial disease in fishinclude M. chelonei, M neoaurum, M simiae, and M scrofulaceum.Mycobacterium marinum was first recognized in 1926 from the liver, spleen andkidney of tropical coral fish kept in the Philadelphia Aquarium. M. marinum can growprolifically within fibroblast, epithelial cells and macrophages. In the past, humanoutbreaks of M. marinum were sporadic and most commonly associated withcontaminated swimming pools. Chlorination practices used today have greatlyminimized to frequency of outbreaks from these sources. In the last decade, a small butsteady increase in the frequency of Mycobacterium marinum infections in cultured orhatchery confined fish and human cases associated with fish aquaria has been noted.
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