SUMMARY1. Although the recording of transactions is probably as old as translation - SUMMARY1. Although the recording of transactions is probably as old as Indonesian how to say

SUMMARY1. Although the recording of

SUMMARY
1. Although the recording of transactions is probably as old as the history
of record keeping, we tend to think of the establishment of double-entry accounting,
the basis for modern accounting, as the key event. Modern accounting originated
in Genoa, Florence, and Venice and spread to the rest of the world thanks
to the work of Luca Pacioli, the first person to document the double-entry
accounting system.
2. The development of increasingly complex business practices constantly
transforms and presents new challenges to the accounting profession.
3. One of the major developments shaping the accounting profession is
the increasing globalization of business. The period after World War II, known as
the multinational era, showed a strong increase in international trade and marked
the appearance of very large multinational enterprises. This globalization presents
new challenges for the accounting profession.
4. Accounting is influenced by a variety of environmental factors. These
factors shape, reflect, and reinforce accounting characteristics unique to each
national environment.
5. Major factors promoting the development of corporate reporting internationally
include the ownership of stocks (shares) by the public, the growth of professional
management, and the emergence of securities markets.
6. At the same time, major factors constraining public reporting and disclosure
include the financing of business by banks and government agencies, the
design of accounting information systems for government planning and control,
and the influence of tax rules.
7. In recent years, a wider audience for corporate reports has been recognized,
including employees, trade unions, consumers, government agencies, and
the general public.
8. Accountability and disclosure pressures on MNEs are different from
those on domestic corporations because of the global reach, size, and complexity
of MNE operations.
9. As companies become more international, they face the challenges of
developing internal expertise in international accounting practices to deal with
currency fluctuations, different tax laws, legal systems, and the like.
10. The study of international accounting involves two major areas: descriptive/
comparative accounting and the accounting dimensions of international transactions/
multinational enterprises.
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SUMMARY1. Although the recording of transactions is probably as old as the historyof record keeping, we tend to think of the establishment of double-entry accounting,the basis for modern accounting, as the key event. Modern accounting originatedin Genoa, Florence, and Venice and spread to the rest of the world thanksto the work of Luca Pacioli, the first person to document the double-entryaccounting system.2. The development of increasingly complex business practices constantlytransforms and presents new challenges to the accounting profession.3. One of the major developments shaping the accounting profession isthe increasing globalization of business. The period after World War II, known asthe multinational era, showed a strong increase in international trade and markedthe appearance of very large multinational enterprises. This globalization presentsnew challenges for the accounting profession.4. Accounting is influenced by a variety of environmental factors. Thesefactors shape, reflect, and reinforce accounting characteristics unique to eachnational environment.5. Major factors promoting the development of corporate reporting internationallyinclude the ownership of stocks (shares) by the public, the growth of professionalmanagement, and the emergence of securities markets.6. At the same time, major factors constraining public reporting and disclosureinclude the financing of business by banks and government agencies, thedesign of accounting information systems for government planning and control,and the influence of tax rules.7. In recent years, a wider audience for corporate reports has been recognized,including employees, trade unions, consumers, government agencies, andthe general public.8. Accountability and disclosure pressures on MNEs are different fromthose on domestic corporations because of the global reach, size, and complexityof MNE operations.9. As companies become more international, they face the challenges ofdeveloping internal expertise in international accounting practices to deal withcurrency fluctuations, different tax laws, legal systems, and the like.10. The study of international accounting involves two major areas: descriptive/comparative accounting and the accounting dimensions of international transactions/multinational enterprises.
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RINGKASAN
1. Meskipun pencatatan transaksi mungkin setua sejarah
pencatatan, kita cenderung untuk memikirkan pembentukan akuntansi double-entry,
dasar akuntansi modern, sebagai acara utama. Akuntansi modern berasal
di Genoa, Florence, dan Venice dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia berkat
untuk pekerjaan Luca Pacioli, orang pertama yang mendokumentasikan double-entry
sistem akuntansi.
2. Perkembangan praktek bisnis yang semakin kompleks terus
berubah dan menyajikan tantangan baru untuk profesi akuntansi.
3. Salah satu perkembangan utama membentuk profesi akuntansi adalah
meningkatnya globalisasi bisnis. Periode setelah Perang Dunia II, yang dikenal sebagai
era multinasional, menunjukkan peningkatan yang kuat dalam perdagangan internasional dan ditandai
munculnya perusahaan multinasional yang sangat besar. Globalisasi ini menyajikan
tantangan baru bagi profesi akuntansi.
4. Akuntansi dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor lingkungan. Ini
faktor bentuk, mencerminkan, dan memperkuat karakteristik akuntansi yang unik untuk setiap
lingkungan nasional.
5. Faktor utama mendorong pengembangan pelaporan perusahaan internasional
termasuk kepemilikan saham (saham) oleh masyarakat, pertumbuhan profesional
manajemen, dan munculnya pasar sekuritas.
6. Pada saat yang sama, faktor utama yang membatasi pelaporan publik dan pengungkapan
meliputi pembiayaan bisnis dengan bank dan lembaga pemerintah,
desain sistem informasi akuntansi untuk perencanaan dan kontrol pemerintah,
dan pengaruh peraturan pajak.
7. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, khalayak yang lebih luas untuk laporan perusahaan telah diakui,
termasuk karyawan, serikat pekerja, konsumen, instansi pemerintah, dan
masyarakat umum.
8. Akuntabilitas dan pengungkapan tekanan pada MNEs berbeda dari
orang-orang di perusahaan-perusahaan dalam negeri karena jangkauan global, ukuran, dan kompleksitas
operasi MNE.
9. Sebagai perusahaan menjadi lebih internasional, mereka menghadapi tantangan
mengembangkan keahlian internal praktik akuntansi internasional untuk menangani
fluktuasi mata uang, undang-undang pajak yang berbeda, sistem hukum, dan sejenisnya.
10. Studi akuntansi internasional melibatkan dua bidang utama: deskriptif /
akuntansi komparatif dan dimensi akuntansi transaksi internasional /
perusahaan multinasional.
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