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SUMMARY1. Although the recording of transactions is probably as old as the historyof record keeping, we tend to think of the establishment of double-entry accounting,the basis for modern accounting, as the key event. Modern accounting originatedin Genoa, Florence, and Venice and spread to the rest of the world thanksto the work of Luca Pacioli, the first person to document the double-entryaccounting system.2. The development of increasingly complex business practices constantlytransforms and presents new challenges to the accounting profession.3. One of the major developments shaping the accounting profession isthe increasing globalization of business. The period after World War II, known asthe multinational era, showed a strong increase in international trade and markedthe appearance of very large multinational enterprises. This globalization presentsnew challenges for the accounting profession.4. Accounting is influenced by a variety of environmental factors. Thesefactors shape, reflect, and reinforce accounting characteristics unique to eachnational environment.5. Major factors promoting the development of corporate reporting internationallyinclude the ownership of stocks (shares) by the public, the growth of professionalmanagement, and the emergence of securities markets.6. At the same time, major factors constraining public reporting and disclosureinclude the financing of business by banks and government agencies, thedesign of accounting information systems for government planning and control,and the influence of tax rules.7. In recent years, a wider audience for corporate reports has been recognized,including employees, trade unions, consumers, government agencies, andthe general public.8. Accountability and disclosure pressures on MNEs are different fromthose on domestic corporations because of the global reach, size, and complexityof MNE operations.9. As companies become more international, they face the challenges ofdeveloping internal expertise in international accounting practices to deal withcurrency fluctuations, different tax laws, legal systems, and the like.10. The study of international accounting involves two major areas: descriptive/comparative accounting and the accounting dimensions of international transactions/multinational enterprises.
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