During session 3, the investigator discussed with participants their current understandings about hope/hopelessness and encouraged members of the group to share their own individual definitions of hope. Discussion focused on hope as active waiting, possible threats to hope, and the dialectic relationship between hope and hopelessness. Participants engaged in the creation of a hope mantel (drawing or listing those objects, experiences, relationships in their life that engendered hope) and the beginning of a hope journal, tape, or drawing to chronicle their hope journey. Participants continued to work on these projects on their own at home for the remainder of the sessions and were encouraged to share their progress and experiences in the following sessions