Carbon allotropes such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, have been incorporated in electrochemical
biosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of various analytes. The superior physical and electrical
properties like high carrier mobility, ambipolar electric field effect, high surface area, flexibility and
their compatibility with microfabrication techniques makes these carbon nanomaterials easy to integrate
in field-effect transistor (FET)/chemiresistor type configuration which is suitable for portable and pointof-use/field-deployable
sensors. This review covers the synthesis of carbon nanostructures (graphene and
CNTs) and their integration into devices using various fabrication methods. Finally, we discuss the recent
reports showing different sensing platforms that incorporate biomolecules like enzymes, antibodies and
aptamers as recognition elements for fabrication of simple, low cost, compact biosensors that can be used
for on-site, rapid environmental monitoring of environmental pollutants like pathogens, heavy metals,
pesticides and explosives.