Values influence individual behavior in many ways. For example, indi-vi translation - Values influence individual behavior in many ways. For example, indi-vi Indonesian how to say

Values influence individual behavior

Values influence individual behavior in many ways. For example, indi-
viduals who internalize the value of honesty feel guilty when they are cheat-
ing or stealing. This negative affect state stops them from acting in a way
that is inconsistent with their internalized value. Public values arise when
we believe that everyone around us holds a certain value (social value);
we often act in ways consistent with that value, even though we don’t
personally hold that value. This is done to gain acceptance and support from
the group.
A mental model or theory defines a causal relationship between two vari-
ables. The idea that people rely on mental models can be traced back to
Kenneth Craik’s suggestion in 1943 that the mind constructs “small-scale
models” of reality that it uses to anticipate events. Mental models can be con-
structed from perception, imagination, or the comprehension of discourse.
They underlie visual images, but they can also be abstract, representing
situations that cannot be visualized. Each mental model represents a possibil-
ity. This phenomenon has been studied by a number of cognitive scientists
for the past few decades (e.g., Johnson-Laird, 1983; Rogers, Rutherford, and
Bibby, 1992; Oakhill and Garnham, 1996). The belief structure of managers
can be represented as a complex set of mental models, which they use to diag-
nose problems and make decisions. In organizations with strong cultures,
members of the organization began to share common mental models about
employees, competition, customers, unions, and other important aspects of
managerial decision making. Mental models are often called basic underlying
assumptions. Mental models impact the behavior of individuals to a very large
extent. Decisions are often based on one or more of our mental models. For
example, if a manager believes that increasing satisfaction will enhance
employees’ performance, he or she is likely to do things that eliminate dissat-
isfaction among employees and work hard to increase their levels of satisfac-
tion. When all managers of the organization share the same mental models
or theories, they are likely to make similar decisions when solving problems.
This leads to a consistent way of doing things and solving problems in an
organization.
Cognitive schema are mental representations of knowledge. Cognitive scripts
are types of schema involving action or the way to do something. Schema are
generally enacted subconsciously; that is, we enact a script without much
thought or deliberation. We can therefore say that cognitive scripts are like
programs (like macros), which we store and call upon when certain stimuli are
present. We develop scripts over time by performing a certain task many times
(like driving home from work). The first time we perform a task we tend to
think about every step and deliberate about the many alternative ways we can
perform it. Over time, as we learn the best way to perform the task, we “lock
in” the script, or program, and do not think about each step again (unless we
experience a significant problem). This is called direct schema development. In
some cases, we do not go through this deliberate step-by-step learning process;
instead, we simply copy (or are told) how to perform a certain task from
members of the reference group (culture). This is called indirect schema devel-
opment. In either case, when schema become widely shared, they are called


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Values influence individual behavior in many ways. For example, indi-viduals who internalize the value of honesty feel guilty when they are cheat-ing or stealing. This negative affect state stops them from acting in a waythat is inconsistent with their internalized value. Public values arise whenwe believe that everyone around us holds a certain value (social value);we often act in ways consistent with that value, even though we don’tpersonally hold that value. This is done to gain acceptance and support fromthe group.A mental model or theory defines a causal relationship between two vari-ables. The idea that people rely on mental models can be traced back toKenneth Craik’s suggestion in 1943 that the mind constructs “small-scalemodels” of reality that it uses to anticipate events. Mental models can be con-structed from perception, imagination, or the comprehension of discourse.They underlie visual images, but they can also be abstract, representingsituations that cannot be visualized. Each mental model represents a possibil-ity. This phenomenon has been studied by a number of cognitive scientistsfor the past few decades (e.g., Johnson-Laird, 1983; Rogers, Rutherford, andBibby, 1992; Oakhill and Garnham, 1996). The belief structure of managerscan be represented as a complex set of mental models, which they use to diag-nose problems and make decisions. In organizations with strong cultures,members of the organization began to share common mental models aboutemployees, competition, customers, unions, and other important aspects ofmanagerial decision making. Mental models are often called basic underlyingassumptions. Mental models impact the behavior of individuals to a very largeextent. Decisions are often based on one or more of our mental models. Forexample, if a manager believes that increasing satisfaction will enhanceemployees’ performance, he or she is likely to do things that eliminate dissat-isfaction among employees and work hard to increase their levels of satisfac-tion. When all managers of the organization share the same mental modelsor theories, they are likely to make similar decisions when solving problems.This leads to a consistent way of doing things and solving problems in anorganization.Cognitive schema are mental representations of knowledge. Cognitive scriptsare types of schema involving action or the way to do something. Schema aregenerally enacted subconsciously; that is, we enact a script without muchthought or deliberation. We can therefore say that cognitive scripts are likeprograms (like macros), which we store and call upon when certain stimuli arepresent. We develop scripts over time by performing a certain task many times(like driving home from work). The first time we perform a task we tend tothink about every step and deliberate about the many alternative ways we canperform it. Over time, as we learn the best way to perform the task, we “lockin” the script, or program, and do not think about each step again (unless weexperience a significant problem). This is called direct schema development. Insome cases, we do not go through this deliberate step-by-step learning process;instead, we simply copy (or are told) how to perform a certain task frommembers of the reference group (culture). This is called indirect schema devel-opment. In either case, when schema become widely shared, they are called
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Nilai memengaruhi perilaku individu dalam banyak cara. Sebagai contoh,-individu
individu-yang menginternalisasi nilai kejujuran merasa bersalah ketika mereka cheat-
ing atau mencuri. Ini dampak negatif negara berhenti mereka dari bertindak dengan cara
yang tidak sesuai dengan nilai mereka diinternalisasikan. Nilai-nilai publik muncul ketika
kita percaya bahwa setiap orang di sekitar kita memegang nilai tertentu (nilai sosial);
kita sering bertindak dengan cara yang konsisten dengan nilai tersebut, meskipun kita tidak
secara pribadi memegang nilai itu. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan penerimaan dan dukungan dari
kelompok.
Sebuah model mental atau teori mendefinisikan hubungan kausal antara dua variabel
ables. Gagasan bahwa orang mengandalkan model mental dapat ditelusuri kembali ke
saran Kenneth Craik pada tahun 1943 bahwa pikiran konstruksi "skala kecil
model "dari realitas yang ia gunakan untuk mengantisipasi kejadian. Model mental dapat con-
structed dari persepsi, imajinasi, atau pemahaman wacana.
Mereka mendasari gambar visual, tetapi mereka juga bisa abstrak, yang mewakili
situasi yang tidak dapat divisualisasikan. Setiap model mental merupakan possibil
ity. Fenomena ini telah dipelajari oleh sejumlah ilmuwan kognitif
selama beberapa dekade terakhir (misalnya, Johnson-Laird, 1983; Rogers, Rutherford, dan
Bibby, 1992; Oakhill dan Garnham, 1996). Struktur keyakinan manajer
dapat direpresentasikan sebagai satu set kompleks model mental, yang mereka gunakan untuk diagnosa
masalah hidung dan membuat keputusan. Dalam organisasi dengan budaya yang kuat,
anggota organisasi mulai berbagi model mental umum tentang
karyawan, kompetisi, pelanggan, serikat pekerja, dan aspek-aspek penting lain dari
pengambilan keputusan manajerial. Model mental sering disebut mendasari
asumsi. Dampak model mental perilaku individu untuk sangat besar
batas. Keputusan sering didasarkan pada satu atau lebih dari model mental kita. Sebagai
contoh, jika seorang manajer percaya bahwa peningkatan kepuasan akan meningkatkan
kinerja karyawan, ia cenderung melakukan hal-hal yang menghilangkan dissat-
duduk- antara karyawan dan bekerja keras untuk meningkatkan tingkat kepuasan mereka
tion. Ketika semua manajer pangsa organisasi model mental yang sama
atau teori, mereka cenderung untuk membuat keputusan yang sama ketika memecahkan masalah.
Hal ini menyebabkan cara yang konsisten dalam melakukan sesuatu dan memecahkan masalah dalam suatu
organisasi.
skema kognitif adalah representasi mental pengetahuan. Script kognitif
adalah jenis skema yang melibatkan tindakan atau cara untuk melakukan sesuatu. Skema yang
umumnya berlaku sadar; yaitu, kami memberlakukan naskah tanpa banyak
pikiran atau musyawarah. Oleh karena itu kita dapat mengatakan bahwa skrip kognitif seperti
program (seperti macro), yang kami menyimpan dan memanggil ketika rangsangan tertentu
hadir. Kami mengembangkan script dari waktu ke waktu dengan melakukan tugas tertentu berkali-kali
(seperti mengemudi pulang dari kerja). Pertama kalinya kita melakukan tugas kita cenderung
berpikir tentang setiap langkah dan disengaja tentang banyak cara alternatif kita bisa
melakukan itu. Seiring waktu, seperti yang kita belajar cara terbaik untuk melakukan tugas, kita "mengunci
di "script, atau program, dan tidak berpikir tentang setiap langkah lagi (kecuali kita
mengalami masalah fi signifikan). Ini disebut pengembangan skema langsung. Dalam
beberapa kasus, kita tidak pergi melalui proses ini disengaja langkah-demi-langkah pembelajaran,
sebaliknya, kita hanya menyalin (atau diberitahu) bagaimana melakukan tugas tertentu dari
anggota kelompok acuan (budaya). Hal ini disebut tidak langsung skema bangan
ngunan. Dalam kedua kasus, ketika skema menjadi luas bersama, mereka disebut


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