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Limited acetylation of lignin hydroxyl groups enableddry-spinning of the precursor using acetone (solvent) followed by thermo-oxidative stabilization.Resulting carbon fibers (7 lm diameter) displayed a tensile modulus, strength,and strain-to-failure values of 52 ± 2 GPa, 1.04 ± 0.10 GPa, and 2.0 ± 0.2%, respectively.Because of solvent diffusion during dry-spinning, fibers displayed a crenulated surface thatcan provide a larger specific interfacial area for enhanced fiber/matrix bonding in compositeapplications.
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