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The first assumption (that the household consists of a nuclear family of husband, wifeand children) generalizes the nuclear family as the universal household structure,and excludes other household structures. Moser (1993: 16-17) states that severalother household structures exist, although the nuclear family structure may be thedominant type in some contexts. One example of non-nuclear family structure is theextended family. According to Moser (ibid.), the extended family does not necessarilydisappear with 'modernization' or 'urbanization'. On the contrary, it continues to be asurvival strategy for low-income households. Another important type of householdstructure is the so-called 'female-headed household'. Moser (ibid.: 17) distinguishesbetween the de jure female-headed household and the de facto female-headedhousehold. In the first case, the male partner is permanently absent due to death,5 separation, etc. In the second case, the male partner is temporarily absent due toreasons such as labor migration.
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