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CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 Therotical FrameworkTheories are needed to clarify some terms to avoid misunderstanding between the writer and the readers . The following terms are needed in this study.2.2 The Defenition of VocabularyVocabulary is one of the language aspects which should be learnt. Learning vocabulary is important because we are able to speak, write, and listen nicely we have to know vocabulary first. A person said to ‘know‘ a word if they can recognize its meaning when they see it (Cameron, 2001: 75). It means that in learning vocabulary we have to know the meaning of it and also understand and can use it in sentence context.According to Red John (2000: 16) vocabulary is knowledge involves knowing the meanings of words and therefore the purpose of a vocabulary test in to find out whether the learners can match each word with a synonym, a dictionary – tape definition, or an equivalent word in their own language.In learning vocabulary automatically we have to know the meaning of words itself and can use it in sentences. Wilkins (1972: 130) states that vocabulary learning is learning to discriminate progressing the meaning of words in the target language from the meanings of their nearest ‘equivalent’ in the mother tongue. It is also learning to make the most appropriate lexical choices for particular linguistic and situational context.2.3 The Importance of Vocabulary Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing conveyed . This is how the linguist David Wilkins summed up the importance of vocabulary learning. While Dellar H. and Hocking D ( in Thornbury,Scott 2003 : 13) say that you will see most improvement if you learn more words expressions . You can say very little with grammar , but you can say almost anything with words. So a person may be judged by other based on their vocabulary.2.4 Kinds of VocabularyAccording to Downing (2006:16), English vocabulary is classified grammatically according to terminological traditionally. There are two classification of word classes or part of speech, as open class and close class. The open class included as follow; noun, verb, adjective, and adverb otherwise the close class include as follow; preposition, conjunction, pronoun, and determiner. Similarily Thornbury (2002:3) states that English word fall in to of eight different word classes. Those are: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, prepositions, conjunction, and determiner. Kinds of vocabulary can be explained as follow: 2.4.1 Noun Colman (2005:8) adds a noun is the name of something: a thing or a person, or a place, or even a feeling or a state of mind. For the example; man, conference, book, work, coffee, Saturday, Jessica, office, girl, boy, bed, etc. Similarity Huddleston & Pullum (2005:83) state that noun category includes words denoting all kinds of physical objects (people, animals, places, things) and substances. Noun can be classified into three parts those are: a. Proper Noun A proper noun refers to someone to something specific and capitalized, for example: Indonesia, India, June, August, etc. b. Collective Noun A collective noun refers to a group of person or things that is generally thought of as one unit, for example: family, animal, class, parts of the body etc. c. Count Noun A count noun refers to name of persons, things, places, or ideas that can be counted, for example: books, three chairs, girls, etc. 2.4.2 Verb Verb expresses action, events, process activities, etc. Competed sentence must contain at least one verb, for example: run, read, wash, dance sweep, sing, write, etc. DeCapua (2008:121) states verb expresses what the subject does or describes something about the state or condition of the subject. Dykes (2007:41) also adds that verbs are doing, being or having words and a verb needs a noun (or a pronoun) in front of it for it to make sense. Verb is seriously important; it caused by there is no way to have a sentence without them. However, according to Rozakis (2003:12-13) there are three basic of verbs, such as: 1) Action verbs tell what the subject does. The action can be visible (jump, kiss, laugh) or mental (think, learn, study). 2) Linking verbs join the subject and the predicate. They do not show action. Instead, they help the words at the end of the sentence name or describe the subject. The most common linking verbs include: be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear, sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become. Look for forms of to be, such as am, are, is, was, were, and so on. 3) Helping verbs are added to another verb to make the meaning clearer. Helping verbs include any form of to be, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must. 2.4.3 Adjective Adjective is defined as a word that gives more explanation about noun or pronoun. Adjective can be used before noun. According to Jackson (2005:18) adds that adjectives denote: size (large, small, etc.), color (blue, red, etc.), shape (oblong, square, etc.), appearance (pretty, etc.), evaluation (commendable, etc.), and so on, while Dykes (2007:53) says in the grammatical sense, adjective means to add the characteristics of something. On the other hands, Rozakis (2003:4-5) asserts adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns and. There are five kinds of adjectives: 1) Common adjectives describe noun or pronoun, such as strong, green, etc. 2) Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns, such as California vegetables (from the noun “California”). 3) Compound adjectives are made up of more than one word, such as far-off country, teenage person. 4) Articles (special type of adjective). There are three articles as follow: a and an called “indefinite articles” because they refer to general things. We can use a with consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds; the is called a “definite article” because it refers to a specific thing. 5) Indefinite adjectives don‟t specify the specific amount of something, such as all, another, any, both, each, either. 2.4.4 Adverb Based on the statement of Jackson (2005:17) that adverb is denoting manner (cautiously), time (soon), direction (along), etc. However, according to Dykes (2007:62) an adverb is a word that adds meaning to any other word, except a noun or pronoun (that being the job of an adjective) and he also said that there are five kinds of adverbs as follow: a) adverbs of time tell us when the action of the verb does or does not occur; b) adverbs of place tell us where the action of the verb does or does not happen; c) adverbs of manner tell us the way in which the action of the verb does or does not happen; d) interrogative adverbs are the question words that apply to the verb in a sentence; e) comparative adverbs follow a similar pattern to comparative adjectives. Certainty, adverb makes the sentence more clearly in understanding of the sentence. 2.4.5 Pronoun A pronoun is often defined as word which can be used instead of noun. We use pronoun very often, so that we do not have keep on repeating a noun. According to Jackson (2005:17), pronouns mainly substitute for nouns and include: the personal pronouns (I, me, mine, etc.), reflexive pronouns (myself, ourselves, themselves, himself, etc.), indefinite pronouns (everybody, nothing, etc.), relative pronouns (who, whose, which, etc). Dykes (2007:35) also adds that pronouns are the words that we use in place of nouns; we use pronouns to make clear what we are talking about, while avoiding confusing or clumsy repetition. Then, Rozakis (2003:10-12) says that a pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun. He said there are eight kinds of pronouns as follows: 1) Personal pronouns refer to a specific person, place, or thing; 2) Possessive pronouns show ownership. The possessive pronouns are your, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their, theirs, whose.3) Reflexive pronouns add information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun near the beginning of the sentence. Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves. 4) Intensive pronouns also end in -self or -selves but just add emphasis to the noun or pronoun. 5) Demonstrative pronouns direct attention to a specific person, place, or thing. There are only four demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those. 6) Relative pronouns begin a subordinate clause. There are five relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, those. 7) Interrogative pronouns ask a question. They are: what, which, who, etc. 8) Indefinite pronouns refer to people, places, objects, or things without pointing to a specific one. 2.4.6 PrepositionAccording to Jackson (2005:18), prepositions relate a noun to other parts of a sentence, for example, in the garden, under the sofa, after the lecture, because of the delay, during the night. Prepositions are words, usually small, that typically indicate information about direction, location, or time. Then, Dykes (2007:71) add that the word “preposition is from the Latin word praepositio meaning placed before or n front of as follow on, in, under, behind, etc. However, Greenbaum & Nelson (2002:112) add that prepositions introduce a prepositional phrase, and are followed by a prepositional complement. The preposition links the complement to some other expression. If it links the complement to the rest of the sentence or clause, the prepositional phrase may be placed in any of various positions. There are only a small number of preposition in English, some commonly used examples are at, from, in, on and to.2.4.7 Conjunction A conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but. Conjunctions are used to connect two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A conjunction may link two or more than two words or sentences. Conjunctions join elements, mainly clauses, together in a sentence; they include: and, or, but; while, whereas, although, if, that, when, so that, because, etc. (Jackson, 2005:18). Acc
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