Systems thinking in practice: the Toyota production system (TPS)
Two people who do not figure largely in the systems literature are Taiichi Ohno and W. Edwards Deming. This is odd, since Deming provided a telling theoretical explanation of the sub-optimization caused by conventional management, as in NHS example above, and showed the practical means to manage an organization as a system. Ohno’s creation, the Toyota production system (TPS), is the most strikingly