economic performance. They justified their results based on the concept of
egression to the mean", which means that any country starting with a
high inflation rate tends to find the decline in the inflation rate faster than
a country which starts with a low inflation rate. Given that, inflation targeting policy is more likely adopted in a country with a higher initial inflation rate. Thus, the larger decline in the inflation rate just reflects a general tendency of all countries. At the same time, Ball and Sheridan (2005)
do not have any argument against inflation targeting. As a result, they
concluded inflation targeting does not harm the economy and could be
beneficial in the future. In the same vein, Ize (2006) explored seigniorage
at the international level by employing data from 101 countries. He found
that the world inflation rate deteriorated during the period (1986?2003)
from 16 % to 5%. The theoretical work of Demertzis and Viegi (2008) dis-
plays monetary policy as an information game in which the private sector
form their expectations based on all the information that is available from
both private and public sectors. In addition, they assumed that both private and public information have aggregate demand and aggregate supply
noise. They concluded that inflation targeting policy is a helpful frame-
work if no unlimited shocks (noise) are anticipated.
Some economists such as Woodford (2005), Svensson (2006), Orphanidas, and Williams (2003) prefer transparent and communicative monetary
policy. They believe that under such circumstance monetary policy is able
to achieve a substantial better inflation-output gap stabilization trade-off.
Sweidan and Widner (2008) proved theoretically that central banks losses
and transparent monetary policy could not exist together for a long period
of time.