all, KM implementations. The key often lies in symbolic action, that i translation - all, KM implementations. The key often lies in symbolic action, that i Indonesian how to say

all, KM implementations. The key of

all, KM implementations. The key often lies in symbolic action, that is, dealing
with important symbols of values, norms, and assumptions. Kilmann, Saxton,
and Serpa (1986) provide some good general guidelines:

1. People look to leaders for cues about what is important in an organi-
zation. The leader’s most important quality is to act in a manner con-
sistent with the desired social value. When it comes to instilling cultural
values, “do as I say, not as I do” does not work very well. When orga-
nizational members observe a leader making a personal sacrifice for
a value, it sends a strong message that this value is important. For
example, if senior managers are seen to be “practicing what they
preach” by actively sharing knowledge and rewarding collaborative
efforts, then the organizational members can see that this kind of
behavior is in fact highly valued and practiced at all levels of the
organization.
2. Culture is often transmitted through stories and myths that extol
certain virtues held to be important to the organization. These stories
are told in informal settings as well as published in company news-
letters. For example, when new employees join an organization, they
are not only handed manuals and directed at databases containing
forms to be filled out but they are regaled with stories of key events in
the organization’s history, some of them relating spectacular suc-
cesses and others disappointing failures. These stories contain a strong
message that relays “how things are done around here” to the new
employees.
3. In reacting to crises, leaders can telegraph the organization’s values and
assumptions. When a leader supports new values in the face of crisis,
when emotions often run high, he or she communicates that this value
is very important. For example, if the organization has repeatedly sup-
ported a strong notion of professional ethics and ends up losing a bid
to a competitor who did not bother about such niceties, it is even more
powerful if the organization’s leaders reinforce this message in the face
of and in spite of the crisis situation they are experiencing. In this way,
everyone can see that values are not being treated as “fair-weather
friends”—that is, values are to be adhered to not just when it is con-
venient to do so but are to be adhered to at all times.
4. In addition to motivating behavior directly, a reward system can send
powerful messages regarding what is important. For example, if a uni-
versity declines to promote a professor who has won the university-wide
Outstanding Teaching award, this says loud and clear that only research
productivity and not teaching is really valued at this particular
institution.
5. Important and public decisions also communicate the importance of
certain values. If the first item cut in budget crunches is training, then
the strong message is that training is not valued. The criteria for resource
allocation often become what is valued in an organization. For example,
budgets that are determined by steady past performance rather than past
innovation and risk taking send different messages.



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all, KM implementations. The key often lies in symbolic action, that is, dealingwith important symbols of values, norms, and assumptions. Kilmann, Saxton,and Serpa (1986) provide some good general guidelines:1. People look to leaders for cues about what is important in an organi-zation. The leader’s most important quality is to act in a manner con-sistent with the desired social value. When it comes to instilling culturalvalues, “do as I say, not as I do” does not work very well. When orga-nizational members observe a leader making a personal sacrifice fora value, it sends a strong message that this value is important. Forexample, if senior managers are seen to be “practicing what theypreach” by actively sharing knowledge and rewarding collaborativeefforts, then the organizational members can see that this kind ofbehavior is in fact highly valued and practiced at all levels of theorganization.2. Culture is often transmitted through stories and myths that extolcertain virtues held to be important to the organization. These storiesare told in informal settings as well as published in company news-letters. For example, when new employees join an organization, theyare not only handed manuals and directed at databases containingforms to be filled out but they are regaled with stories of key events inthe organization’s history, some of them relating spectacular suc-cesses and others disappointing failures. These stories contain a strongmessage that relays “how things are done around here” to the newemployees.3. In reacting to crises, leaders can telegraph the organization’s values andassumptions. When a leader supports new values in the face of crisis,when emotions often run high, he or she communicates that this valueis very important. For example, if the organization has repeatedly sup-ported a strong notion of professional ethics and ends up losing a bidto a competitor who did not bother about such niceties, it is even morepowerful if the organization’s leaders reinforce this message in the faceof and in spite of the crisis situation they are experiencing. In this way,everyone can see that values are not being treated as “fair-weatherfriends”—that is, values are to be adhered to not just when it is con-venient to do so but are to be adhered to at all times.4. In addition to motivating behavior directly, a reward system can sendpowerful messages regarding what is important. For example, if a uni-versity declines to promote a professor who has won the university-wideOutstanding Teaching award, this says loud and clear that only researchproductivity and not teaching is really valued at this particularinstitution.5. Important and public decisions also communicate the importance ofcertain values. If the first item cut in budget crunches is training, thenthe strong message is that training is not valued. The criteria for resourceallocation often become what is valued in an organization. For example,budgets that are determined by steady past performance rather than pastinnovation and risk taking send different messages.
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semua, KM implementasi. Kuncinya sering terletak pada aksi simbolis, yaitu, berhubungan
dengan simbol-simbol penting dari nilai-nilai, norma, dan asumsi. Kilmann, Saxton,
dan Serpa (1986) memberikan beberapa pedoman umum yang baik: 1. Orang-orang melihat kepada para pemimpin untuk isyarat tentang apa yang penting dalam-organisasi lisasi. Kualitas pemimpin yang paling penting adalah untuk bertindak dengan cara yang con- sisten dengan nilai sosial yang diinginkan. Ketika datang untuk menanamkan budaya nilai-nilai, "melakukan apa yang kukatakan, bukan seperti yang saya lakukan" tidak bekerja dengan baik. Ketika-organisasi anggota organisasional mengamati pemimpin membuat Sacri pribadi kantor untuk nilai, ia akan mengirimkan pesan yang kuat bahwa nilai ini adalah penting. Sebagai contoh, jika manajer senior dipandang "berlatih apa yang mereka khotbahkan "dengan aktif berbagi pengetahuan dan kolaboratif bermanfaat upaya, maka anggota organisasi dapat melihat bahwa jenis perilaku sebenarnya sangat dihargai dan dipraktekkan di semua tingkat organisasi. 2. Budaya sering ditularkan melalui cerita dan mitos yang memuji kebajikan tertentu dianggap penting untuk organisasi. Cerita-cerita ini diberitahu secara informal serta diterbitkan dalam perusahaan kabar huruf. Sebagai contoh, ketika karyawan baru bergabung dengan organisasi, mereka tidak hanya tangan manual dan diarahkan pada database yang berisi formulir untuk Diisi keluar tetapi mereka menceritakan dengan cerita dari peristiwa penting dalam sejarah organisasi, beberapa dari mereka yang berkaitan suksesi spektakuler proses-dan lain-lain kegagalan mengecewakan. Cerita-cerita ini mengandung kuat pesan yang relay "bagaimana hal tersebut dilakukan di sekitar sini" ke yang baru karyawan. 3. Dalam bereaksi terhadap krisis, pemimpin dapat telegraf nilai dan organisasi asumsi. Ketika seorang pemimpin mendukung nilai-nilai baru dalam menghadapi krisis, ketika emosi sering berjalan tinggi, ia mengkomunikasikan bahwa nilai ini sangat penting. Sebagai contoh, jika organisasi telah berulang kali dukungan porting gagasan yang kuat etika profesional dan akhirnya kehilangan tawaran untuk pesaing yang tidak repot-repot tentang sopan santun seperti itu, bahkan lebih kuat jika pemimpin organisasi memperkuat pesan ini dalam menghadapi dari dan terlepas dari situasi krisis yang mereka alami. Dengan cara ini, semua orang dapat melihat bahwa nilai-nilai tidak diperlakukan sebagai "adil-cuaca teman "-yaitu, nilai-nilai yang harus ditaati bukan hanya ketika con- venient untuk melakukannya tetapi harus ditaati setiap saat . 4. Selain perilaku memotivasi secara langsung, sistem reward dapat mengirim pesan yang kuat tentang apa yang penting. Sebagai contoh, jika uni penurunan keanekaragaman untuk mempromosikan seorang profesor yang telah memenangkan universitas-lebar Posisi penghargaan Pengajaran, ini mengatakan keras dan jelas bahwa hanya penelitian produktivitas dan tidak mengajar benar-benar bernilai tertentu institusi. 5. Keputusan penting dan masyarakat juga menyampaikan tentang pentingnya nilai-nilai tertentu. Jika item pertama dipotong sit-up anggaran pelatihan, maka pesan yang kuat adalah bahwa pelatihan tidak dihargai. Kriteria untuk sumber daya alokasi sering menjadi apa yang dihargai dalam sebuah organisasi. Misalnya, anggaran yang ditentukan oleh kinerja masa lalu stabil ketimbang masa lalu inovasi dan pengambilan risiko mengirim pesan yang berbeda.
















































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