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The origin of ‘corruption’ comes from the Latin terms corruptus, or corrumpere which mean
spoiled or break into pieces, accordingly. Corruption occurs at all levels of society and at all
forms – public, private, locally, nationally and internationally. In an age of globalisation,
transactions often transcend national boundaries, which increase the opportunities for
corruption. Nonetheless, an international definition of ‘corruption’ does not exist, as this
would raise legal and political complications. Consequently, different interpretations of
‘corruption’ are given by multiple jurisdictions according to their own cultural conceptions.
The leading norms that deal with ‘corruption’ are the UN Convention against Corruption
(UNCAC), the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials (OECD Antibribery
Convention)), Council of Europe Conventions and EU Instruments. The Council of
Europe and the UN Conventions do not define ‘corruption’, but establish various forms of
corrupt offences in order to tackle the problem of ‘corruption’:
1. Bribery
2. Extortion
3. Facilitation Payment
4. Collusion
5. Fraud
6. Obstruction of Justice
7. Embezzlement, misappropriation or other diversions of property by a public official
8. Trading Influence
9. Abuse of function
10. Illicit enrichment
11. Money laundering
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