increased
with the use of sonication waves for agitation of the electrolyte
instead of magnetic stirring, and it was also affected by the
wave amplitude. As the wave amplitude increased, the surface became
more porous with the formation of large pores and the
roughness of the oxide film was also increased. The application
of the highest sonication wave intensity produced the highest surface
roughness (Ra = 1.01 ± 0.005 lm) than the medium sonication
wave intensity (Ra = 0.92 ± 0.006 lm) and the low sonication wave
intensity (Ra = 0.81 ± 0.003 lm). The average surface roughness
values were significantly different among the groups at the
p < 0.05 level. The sizes of micropores in the oxide were variable
between samples of different groups. Formation of open micropores
on the surface resulted in increased surface roughness, and
rough surfaces caused by the formation of micropores were shown
to have positive effects on the bonding between films and tissues
[9]. It is well known that rough-surfaced implants favor both bone
anchoring and biomechanical stability. The anodized surfaces with
large pores, high porosity and roughness enhanced osseointegration
because of mechanical interlocking through bone growth in
pores.