COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY offers a manualised insight into treating translation - COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY offers a manualised insight into treating Arabic how to say

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY offers


COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY offers a manualised insight into treating according to symptomatology. Current treatments increasingly involve the use of COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY interventions to treat and prevent pathology in children and adolescents as recommended by the World Health Organization’s Global School Health Initiative (World Health Organization, 1998, as cited in: Spence & Short, 2007). It is also suggested by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) that the school environment should be used to treat childhood conditions such as anxiety and depression (NICE, 2005, 2013). Although the evidence for these methods is extensive it has flaws in application. A systematic review of SCHOOL-BASED prevention and early intervention programmes for anxiety show 78% of these programmes to be COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY based (Neil & Christensen, 2009). COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY efficacy for elementary aged children suffering from anxiety yielded results of positive treatment response at post-treatment of 95% compared to 16.7% of waiting list participants (Chiu et al., 2013). Reviewing prevention programmes for anxiety in this client group shows most types of current programmes to be effective with effect sizes ranging from 0.11 to 1.37 (Neil & Christensen, 2009). It is important to consider for whom and what purpose these programmes are effective; do certain interventions lend themselves to certain clients over others?
Indicated COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY programmes show good efficacy for targeting students that show elevated levels of mental health conditions such as depression (Calear & Christensen, 2010). Calear and Christensen’s systematic review of prevention and early intervention programmes for depressive symptom included forty-two randomized controlled trials of twenty-eight SCHOOL-BASED programmes that mainly employed COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY. Effect sizes for all programmes ranged from 0.21 to 1.40 but indicated programmes showed best results over selective and universal programmes (Calear & Christensen, 2010). However, none of the universal programme outcomes produced a significant difference at post-test and also at follow-up (Calear & Christensen, 2010, p. 434). Such results suggest that the current interventions may lend themselves better to those with specific and diagnostic conditions than other ‘symptom-free’ children and adolescents. If this is the case then current intervention procedures may be neglecting a large proportion of school students who may remain at risk of psychological difficulties. Further, a review of group clinical COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY in SCHOOL-BASED interventions for adolescents with depressive symptoms showed although there was significant change in depressive symptoms for adolescents who completed the group sessions, these changes were not maintained (Ruffolo & Fischer, 2009). Spence and Short suggest that there is not enough evidence available for the efficacy and effectiveness of the universal SCHOOL-BASED approach to prevent depression: “the scientific rigor of these endeavors has been weak, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about efficacy and effectiveness” (Spence & Short, 2007, p. 540). It is therefore important to investigate interventions that, due to their underlying key attributes, provide a maintained effect and preferably for a wider range of youths.
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COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY offers a manualised insight into treating according to symptomatology. Current treatments increasingly involve the use of COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY interventions to treat and prevent pathology in children and adolescents as recommended by the World Health Organization’s Global School Health Initiative (World Health Organization, 1998, as cited in: Spence & Short, 2007). It is also suggested by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) that the school environment should be used to treat childhood conditions such as anxiety and depression (NICE, 2005, 2013). Although the evidence for these methods is extensive it has flaws in application. A systematic review of SCHOOL-BASED prevention and early intervention programmes for anxiety show 78% of these programmes to be COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY based (Neil & Christensen, 2009). COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY efficacy for elementary aged children suffering from anxiety yielded results of positive treatment response at post-treatment of 95% compared to 16.7% of waiting list participants (Chiu et al., 2013). Reviewing prevention programmes for anxiety in this client group shows most types of current programmes to be effective with effect sizes ranging from 0.11 to 1.37 (Neil & Christensen, 2009). It is important to consider for whom and what purpose these programmes are effective; do certain interventions lend themselves to certain clients over others?Indicated COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY programmes show good efficacy for targeting students that show elevated levels of mental health conditions such as depression (Calear & Christensen, 2010). Calear and Christensen’s systematic review of prevention and early intervention programmes for depressive symptom included forty-two randomized controlled trials of twenty-eight SCHOOL-BASED programmes that mainly employed COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY. Effect sizes for all programmes ranged from 0.21 to 1.40 but indicated programmes showed best results over selective and universal programmes (Calear & Christensen, 2010). However, none of the universal programme outcomes produced a significant difference at post-test and also at follow-up (Calear & Christensen, 2010, p. 434). Such results suggest that the current interventions may lend themselves better to those with specific and diagnostic conditions than other ‘symptom-free’ children and adolescents. If this is the case then current intervention procedures may be neglecting a large proportion of school students who may remain at risk of psychological difficulties. Further, a review of group clinical COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY in SCHOOL-BASED interventions for adolescents with depressive symptoms showed although there was significant change in depressive symptoms for adolescents who completed the group sessions, these changes were not maintained (Ruffolo & Fischer, 2009). Spence and Short suggest that there is not enough evidence available for the efficacy and effectiveness of the universal SCHOOL-BASED approach to prevent depression: “the scientific rigor of these endeavors has been weak, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about efficacy and effectiveness” (Spence & Short, 2007, p. 540). It is therefore important to investigate interventions that, due to their underlying key attributes, provide a maintained effect and preferably for a wider range of youths.
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العلاج السلوكي المعرفي يقدم نظرة manualised إلى علاج وفقا لأعراض. تشمل العلاجات الحالية بشكل متزايد على استخدام التدخلات العلاج السلوكي المعرفي لعلاج ومنع الأمراض في الأطفال والمراهقين على النحو الموصى به من قبل مبادرة الصحة ومنظمة الصحة العالمية العالمية مدرسة (منظمة الصحة العالمية، 1998، كما استشهد في: سبنس وشورت، 2007). ويقترح أيضا من قبل المعهد الوطني للتميز الرعاية الصحية و(نيس) أن البيئة المدرسية ينبغي أن تستخدم لعلاج أمراض الطفولة مثل القلق والاكتئاب (نيس 2005، 2013). على الرغم من أن الأدلة على هذه الطرق واسعة النطاق لديها عيوب في التطبيق. مراجعة منهجية برامج الوقاية والتدخل المبكر في المدارس للقلق تظهر 78٪ من هذه البرامج ليكون العلاج السلوكي المعرفي القائم (نيل وكريستنسن، 2009). معرفية فعالية العلاج السلوكي للأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين الابتدائي يعانون من القلق حققت نتائج إيجابية في الاستجابة للعلاج بعد العلاج من 95٪ مقارنة مع 16.7٪ من المشاركين قائمة الانتظار (تشيو وآخرون، 2013). استعراض برامج الوقاية للقلق في هذه المجموعة العميل يظهر معظم أنواع البرامج الحالية لتكون فعالة مع أحجام تأثير تتراوح 0،11-1،37 (نيل وكريستنسن، 2009). من المهم أن تنظر لمن ولأي غرض هذه البرامج فعالة؛ القيام ببعض التدخلات تصلح لبعض العملاء على الآخرين؟
يتضح من برامج العلاج السلوكي المعرفي الموضح فعالية جيدة لاستهداف الطلاب التي تظهر مستويات مرتفعة من الظروف الصحية النفسية مثل الاكتئاب (Calear وكريستنسن، 2010). وشمل Calear وكريستنسن مراجعة منهجية لبرامج الوقاية والتدخل المبكر لأعراض الاكتئاب اثنين وأربعين التجارب العشوائية من ثمانية وعشرين البرامج المدرسية التي تستخدم أساسا العلاج السلوكي المعرفي. وتراوحت أحجام التأثير لجميع البرامج 0،21-1،40 ولكنها أشارت أظهرت برامج أفضل النتائج خلال برامج انتقائية وعالمية (Calear وكريستنسن، 2010). ومع ذلك، فإن أيا من نتائج البرنامج عالمية تنتج فرقا كبيرا في الاختبار البعدي. وأيضا في متابعة (Calear وكريستنسن، 2010، ص. 434). وتشير هذه النتائج إلى أن التدخلات الحالية قد تصلح أفضل لذوي الظروف الخاصة والتشخيص من "خالية من أعراض" الأطفال والمراهقين الآخرين. إذا كان هذا هو الحال بعد ذلك إجراءات تدخل الحالية يمكن إهمال نسبة كبيرة من طلاب المدارس الذين قد يظلون معرضين لخطر صعوبات نفسية. وعلاوة على ذلك، أظهرت مراجعة لمجموعة السريري العلاج السلوكي المعرفي في التدخلات المدرسية للمراهقين مع أعراض الاكتئاب على الرغم من أن كان هناك تغير كبير في أعراض الاكتئاب للمراهقين الذين الانتهاء من جلسات جماعية، وهذه التغييرات لم يحتفظ (Ruffolo وفيشر، 2009). سبنس وقصيرة تشير إلى أن ليس هناك ما يكفي من الأدلة المتوفرة لفعالية وفاعلية النهج القائم على SCHOOL الجميع على منع الاكتئاب: "لقد كانت الدقة العلمية من هذه المساعي ضعيفة، مما يجعل من الصعب استخلاص استنتاجات قاطعة حول فعالية وفاعلية" (سبنس وشورت، 2007، ص 540). ولذا فمن المهم للتحقيق في التدخلات التي، بسبب السمات الأساسية التي تقوم عليها، وتوفير تأثير الحفاظ عليها ويفضل أن يكون لمجموعة واسعة من الشباب.
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