suggesting that males, as Josselson and Gilligan also imply, are not a translation - suggesting that males, as Josselson and Gilligan also imply, are not a Indonesian how to say

suggesting that males, as Josselson

suggesting that males, as Josselson and Gilligan also imply, are not as prepared for relationships as arc females.
But what about the relationship between intimacy and identity mentioned earlier? A number of studies support Erikson's suggestion that intimacy is contin-gent on achieving identity, but find this relationship to be more characteristic of males than females (Dyk & Adams, 1990; Schiedel & Marcia, 1985). Schiedel and Marcia found, for instance, that for males, those in the highest intimacy categories were most likely to be in the identity-achieved or moratorium status. This trend for females was not significant. Further, they found virtually no males who were
high in intimacy but low in identity. identity and intimacy do not, however, appear to be achieved in succession by women; a full one-third of the females who were high in intimacy were low in identity. These findings support Josselson's contention that for females intimacy is a means by which identity is resolved.
DEVELOPMENTAL PATHS TO MATURITY
Does development take the form of increasing autonomy and separation? Most personality theorists have answered "Yes." Every now and again a few voices raise alternatives, but until recently, these have not been incorporated into mainstream developmental theory. Revisions may be afoot (Gilligan, 1982; Gilligan, Lyons, & Harmer, 1989; Josselson, 1987, 1988).
David Bakan (1966) distinguishes two aspects of mature functioning. Agency captures qualities of assertiveness, mastery, and distinctiveness, and communion reflects qualities of cooperation and union. Bakan considers these two facets of personal functioning to be balanced in the mature person. Developmentalists have traditionally translated these aspects of maturity into a developmental progression moving from communion to agency, thereby assigning greater maturity to agency. An alternative interpretation of Bakan's view of maturity, but one that equally distorts it, has assigned agency to the masculine personality and communion to the feminine. This approach easily reduces to the first because development in females often falls short of that in males when comparisons use measures that have been standardized with males (e.g., Kohlberg s measure of moral development, the use of rules in games). Most Western cultures implicitly confirm either of these trans¬lations through the greater value they place on agentic over communional behav¬iors. Our society, for example, defines success in terms of individual accomplish¬ment and achievements rather than the quality of a person's relationships.
But is development most accurately thought of as increasing separation and individuation? Josselson (1988) notes that recent research in two areas within psy-chology—adolescent development and the psychology of women—reveals diffi-culties in viewing development this way.
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suggesting that males, as Josselson and Gilligan also imply, are not as prepared for relationships as arc females.But what about the relationship between intimacy and identity mentioned earlier? A number of studies support Erikson's suggestion that intimacy is contin-gent on achieving identity, but find this relationship to be more characteristic of males than females (Dyk & Adams, 1990; Schiedel & Marcia, 1985). Schiedel and Marcia found, for instance, that for males, those in the highest intimacy categories were most likely to be in the identity-achieved or moratorium status. This trend for females was not significant. Further, they found virtually no males who were high in intimacy but low in identity. identity and intimacy do not, however, appear to be achieved in succession by women; a full one-third of the females who were high in intimacy were low in identity. These findings support Josselson's contention that for females intimacy is a means by which identity is resolved.DEVELOPMENTAL PATHS TO MATURITYDoes development take the form of increasing autonomy and separation? Most personality theorists have answered "Yes." Every now and again a few voices raise alternatives, but until recently, these have not been incorporated into mainstream developmental theory. Revisions may be afoot (Gilligan, 1982; Gilligan, Lyons, & Harmer, 1989; Josselson, 1987, 1988).David Bakan (1966) distinguishes two aspects of mature functioning. Agency captures qualities of assertiveness, mastery, and distinctiveness, and communion reflects qualities of cooperation and union. Bakan considers these two facets of personal functioning to be balanced in the mature person. Developmentalists have traditionally translated these aspects of maturity into a developmental progression moving from communion to agency, thereby assigning greater maturity to agency. An alternative interpretation of Bakan's view of maturity, but one that equally distorts it, has assigned agency to the masculine personality and communion to the feminine. This approach easily reduces to the first because development in females often falls short of that in males when comparisons use measures that have been standardized with males (e.g., Kohlberg s measure of moral development, the use of rules in games). Most Western cultures implicitly confirm either of these trans¬lations through the greater value they place on agentic over communional behav¬iors. Our society, for example, defines success in terms of individual accomplish¬ment and achievements rather than the quality of a person's relationships.But is development most accurately thought of as increasing separation and individuation? Josselson (1988) notes that recent research in two areas within psy-chology—adolescent development and the psychology of women—reveals diffi-culties in viewing development this way.
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menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki, sebagai Josselson dan Gilligan juga menyiratkan, tidak seperti siap untuk hubungan sebagai perempuan busur.
Tapi bagaimana hubungan antara keintiman dan identitas disebutkan sebelumnya? Sejumlah studi mendukung usulan Erikson bahwa keintiman adalah kontin-gent pada pencapaian identitas, tetapi menemukan hubungan ini menjadi lebih karakteristik laki-laki daripada perempuan (Dyk & Adams, 1990; SCHIEDEL & Marcia, 1985). SCHIEDEL dan Marcia ditemukan, misalnya, bahwa untuk laki-laki, mereka dalam kategori keintiman tertinggi yang paling mungkin berada di status identitas-dicapai atau moratorium. Tren ini untuk wanita tidak signifikan. Lebih lanjut, mereka menemukan hampir tidak ada laki-laki yang
tinggi dalam keintiman tapi rendah identitas. identitas dan keintiman tidak, bagaimanapun, tampaknya dicapai dalam suksesi oleh perempuan; penuh sepertiga dari perempuan yang tinggi dalam keintiman yang rendah dalam identitas. Temuan ini mendukung pendapat Josselson yang untuk wanita keintiman adalah sarana yang identitas diselesaikan.
JALAN PEMBANGUNAN UNTUK JATUH TEMPO
Apakah pembangunan berupa peningkatan otonomi dan pemisahan? Kebanyakan teori kepribadian telah menjawab "Ya." Setiap sekarang dan lagi beberapa suara menaikkan alternatif, tapi sampai saat ini, ini belum dimasukkan ke dalam teori perkembangan mainstream. Revisi ada upaya (Gilligan, 1982; Gilligan, Lyons, & Harmer, 1989; Josselson, 1987, 1988).
David Bakan (1966) membedakan dua aspek fungsi matang. Badan menangkap kualitas ketegasan, penguasaan, dan kekhasan, dan persekutuan mencerminkan kualitas kerjasama dan persatuan. Bakan menganggap kedua aspek fungsi pribadi harus seimbang dalam pribadi yang matang. Ahli perkembangan secara tradisional diterjemahkan aspek kedewasaan dalam perkembangan perkembangan bergerak dari persekutuan kantor, sehingga menugaskan jatuh tempo lebih besar untuk lembaga. Interpretasi alternatif pandang Bakan kematangan, tapi satu yang sama mendistorsi itu, telah ditetapkan lembaga untuk kepribadian maskulin dan persekutuan dengan feminin. Pendekatan ini mudah mengurangi dengan yang pertama karena pembangunan pada wanita sering jatuh pendek dari pada laki-laki yang saat perbandingan menggunakan langkah-langkah yang telah distandarisasi dengan laki-laki (misalnya, Kohlberg s ukuran perkembangan moral, penggunaan aturan dalam permainan). Kebanyakan budaya Barat secara implisit mengkonfirmasi salah satu dari trans¬lations ini melalui nilai yang lebih besar mereka tempat di agentik lebih behav¬iors communional. Masyarakat kita, misalnya, mendefinisikan kesuksesan dalam hal accomplish¬ment dan prestasi individu daripada kualitas hubungan seseorang.
Tapi perkembangan yang paling akurat dianggap sebagai meningkatkan pemisahan dan individuasi? Josselson (1988) mencatat bahwa penelitian terbaru di dua wilayah dalam psy-chology-remaja pengembangan dan psikologi perempuan-mengungkapkan diffi-kesulitan-dalam melihat perkembangan cara ini.
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