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Figure 4 - The role of earth’s biota in biogeochemical processes. Bottom: The major biogeochemical spheres consist of the lithosphere, hydro- sphere, and atmosphere, where the biosphere is found. Top: Magnified portion of the biosphere showing its position within the three major bio- geochemical spheres. Driven prima- rily by solar energy, producers, de- composers, and consumers annually move large quantities of materials containing many elements and com- pounds among the different spheres. The role of the tremendous diversity found within the biosphere is only re- cently beginning to be understood.Because species can vary dramatically in their contributions to ecosystem functioning, the specific composition or identity of species in a community is important. The fact that some species matter more than others becomes especially clear in the case of “keystone species” or “ecosystem engineers” or organisms with high “community importance values.” These terms differ in usage, but all refer to species whose loss has a disproportionate impact on the community when compared to the loss of other species. For example, a species of nitrogen-fixing tree, Myrica faya, introduced to the Hawaiian islands has had large-scale effects on nitrogen cycling, greatly increasing the amount of this essential plant nutrient in soils where the tree invades. The nitrogen- fixing lupine Lupinus arboreus also enriches soils and, as a consequence, encourages invasions of weedy grasses. Among animals, moose (Alces alces) through their dietary preferences greatly reduce soil nitrogen levels and also influence the succession of trees in the forest. Beavers, too, through their feeding and dam-building not only alter soil fertility and forest succession but increase the diversity of ecosystems in a landscape. Even termites play critical roles in soil fertility and other ecological processes in many arid grasslands.On the other hand, there are some examples where additions or losses of particular species have had little effect on ecosystem processes.ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITYSince Darwin, prominent biologists have hypothesized about the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. More recently, concerns about increasing loss of biodiversity and questions about resulting degradation of ecosystem services have stimulated unprecedented observational, theoretical, and experimental studies.Observational Studies It might seem that observational studies comparing one ecosystem type with another, or comparing similar ecosystems at different locations, could provide ready answers to questions about the impacts of species richness on ecosystem processes. But these studies have invariably proven problematic. For example, an ecosystem such as a tropical forest or a coastal wetland may vary from one site to another not only in species number and composition, but also in physical and chemical conditions.
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