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1.Discuss the mechanisms of antimicrobial action of weak organic acids and low pH.Explain the differences in sensitivity to low pH among Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, bacterial spores, yeasts, and molds.2.Define the pK of an organic acid and, using acetic and lactic acids as examples,describe their differences in antibacterial effect at pH 5 and 6.3.Briefly discuss the influence of the following factors on antimicrobial effectiveness of low pH: acids, foods, and microorganisms.4.List the specific acids to be used to inhibit growth of Gram-positive bacteria,Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and molds.5.Discuss the antimicrobial properties of acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, benzoic acid, and parabens.6.Some low-pH foods, such as apple juice, orange juice, and fermented sausage,have recently been implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks by strains of Esc.coli O157:H7, Salmonella,and Listeria monocytogenes.Explain the possible reasons and suggest methods that could be used to reduce this problem.
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