Some experts believe that this theory is arbitrary, in the sense that it distorts the investment decision, slows down both the deployment of alternative access networks and innovation in the productive process (Gonzáles and Martín, Finances et Développement, IMF 2011). Others, according to empirical studies demonstration, mention that the application of the “ladder of investment” theory still awaits confirmation . Either way, the fact is that the ladder of investment theory has been contributing to the development of new regulatory frameworks, favouring LLU (local loop unbundling) and other types of asymmetric regulation.