Define research objectivesAs with experimental research we start by de translation - Define research objectivesAs with experimental research we start by de Indonesian how to say

Define research objectivesAs with e

Define research objectives
As with experimental research we start by defining our research objectives.
A wide variety of research questions can be studied using survey
methods. If our main interest is causality, we may want to look at
whether it is possible to use experimental or quasi-experimental methods.
Survey research is well suited to descriptive studies, or where
researchers want to look at relationships between variables occurring in
particular real-life contexts.
Research designs should be realistic and feasible. In survey research in
particular, the temptation is to specify a very extensive research design
which attempts to capture the full complexity of the world. Often, it will
not be possible to collect data on all the variables we might want to
include because of financial and time constraints, and we may have to
settle for a sample that is a bit smaller than we would have liked. Where
this is the case, the key is to select those variables that we think are most
likely to affect our outcomes.
Once we have defined our research objectives, we can proceed to the
research design which will be dependent on those objectives. For example,
if we wanted to look at how teachers’ views of effective pedagogy
changed over time we would have to do a longitudinal study, surveying
the teachers over a number of years. If we wanted to find out about
teachers’ opinions on a new policy initiative by the department for education,
a cross-sectional study where you would just survey teachers once,
would suffice. If we wanted to survey whether teachers’ opinions had
changed following an intervention, pre- and post-surveys would be suitable.
We might also want to mix different methods, for example a
large-scale survey followed by in-depth interviews of a small subsample.
A range of options are possible, depending on research objectives and,
not least, research budgets. The latter are an important constraint in educational
research (and social scientific research more generally) and have
led to a situation in which most studies are one-off cross-sectional
designs. This is unfortunate, as many research questions would benefit
from a more longitudinal approach.

Formulate hypotheses
While in experimental designs it is common to develop and test
hypotheses in all cases, this is not necessarily so in survey designs. Often,
we will want to make specific predictions about relationships between
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Define research objectivesAs with experimental research we start by defining our research objectives.A wide variety of research questions can be studied using surveymethods. If our main interest is causality, we may want to look atwhether it is possible to use experimental or quasi-experimental methods.Survey research is well suited to descriptive studies, or whereresearchers want to look at relationships between variables occurring inparticular real-life contexts.Research designs should be realistic and feasible. In survey research inparticular, the temptation is to specify a very extensive research designwhich attempts to capture the full complexity of the world. Often, it willnot be possible to collect data on all the variables we might want toinclude because of financial and time constraints, and we may have tosettle for a sample that is a bit smaller than we would have liked. Wherethis is the case, the key is to select those variables that we think are mostlikely to affect our outcomes.Once we have defined our research objectives, we can proceed to theresearch design which will be dependent on those objectives. For example,if we wanted to look at how teachers’ views of effective pedagogychanged over time we would have to do a longitudinal study, surveyingthe teachers over a number of years. If we wanted to find out aboutteachers’ opinions on a new policy initiative by the department for education,a cross-sectional study where you would just survey teachers once,would suffice. If we wanted to survey whether teachers’ opinions hadchanged following an intervention, pre- and post-surveys would be suitable.We might also want to mix different methods, for example alarge-scale survey followed by in-depth interviews of a small subsample.A range of options are possible, depending on research objectives and,not least, research budgets. The latter are an important constraint in educationalresearch (and social scientific research more generally) and haveled to a situation in which most studies are one-off cross-sectionaldesigns. This is unfortunate, as many research questions would benefitfrom a more longitudinal approach.Formulate hypothesesWhile in experimental designs it is common to develop and testhypotheses in all cases, this is not necessarily so in survey designs. Often,we will want to make specific predictions about relationships between
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Tentukan tujuan penelitian
Seperti penelitian eksperimental kita mulai dengan mendefinisikan tujuan penelitian kami.
Berbagai pertanyaan penelitian dapat dipelajari dengan menggunakan survei
metode. Jika minat utama kami adalah kausalitas, kita mungkin ingin melihat
apakah mungkin untuk menggunakan metode eksperimental atau quasi-eksperimental.
Penelitian Survey cocok untuk penelitian deskriptif, atau di mana
peneliti ingin melihat hubungan antara variabel yang terjadi di
real- tertentu hidup konteks.
desain penelitian harus realistis dan layak. Dalam penelitian survei di
tertentu, godaan adalah untuk menentukan desain penelitian yang sangat luas
yang mencoba untuk menangkap kompleksitas penuh dunia. Seringkali, hal itu akan
tidak mungkin untuk mengumpulkan data tentang semua variabel yang kita mungkin ingin
menyertakan karena kendala keuangan dan waktu, dan kami mungkin harus
puas dengan sampel yang sedikit lebih kecil daripada kita akan menyukai. Di mana
hal ini terjadi, kuncinya adalah untuk memilih variabel-variabel yang kita anggap paling
mungkin untuk mempengaruhi hasil kami.
Setelah kami telah menetapkan tujuan penelitian kami, kami dapat melanjutkan ke
desain penelitian yang akan tergantung pada tujuan-tujuan tersebut. Sebagai contoh,
jika kita ingin melihat bagaimana pandangan guru pedagogi efektif
berubah dari waktu ke waktu kita harus melakukan penelitian longitudinal, survei
para guru selama beberapa tahun. Jika kita ingin mencari tahu tentang
opini guru pada inisiatif kebijakan baru oleh departemen pendidikan,
studi cross-sectional di mana Anda hanya akan survei guru sekali,
akan cukup. Jika kita ingin survei apakah pendapat guru telah
berubah menyusul intervensi, sebelum dan sesudah survei akan cocok.
Kami mungkin juga ingin mencampur metode yang berbeda, misalnya
survei skala besar diikuti dengan wawancara mendalam dari kecil subsampel.
berbagai pilihan yang mungkin, tergantung pada tujuan penelitian dan,
paling tidak, anggaran penelitian. Yang terakhir adalah kendala penting dalam pendidikan
penelitian (dan penelitian ilmiah sosial yang lebih umum) dan telah
menyebabkan situasi di mana kebanyakan studi adalah salah satu-off cross-sectional
desain. Hal ini sangat disayangkan, karena banyak pertanyaan penelitian akan mendapat manfaat
dari pendekatan yang lebih memanjang.

Merumuskan hipotesis
Sementara di desain eksperimental itu adalah umum untuk mengembangkan dan menguji
hipotesis dalam semua kasus, hal ini tidak selalu begitu dalam desain survei. Seringkali,
kita akan ingin membuat prediksi spesifik tentang hubungan antara
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