John Flynn (1880-1951), Presbyteria

John Flynn (1880-1951), Presbyterian minister, founder and superintendent of the Australian Inland Mission of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, was born on 25 November 1880 at Moliagul, Victoria, second son of Thomas Eugene Flynn, schoolteacher, and his wife Rosetta Forsyth, née Lester. Educated at Snake Valley, Sunshine and Braybrook primary schools, he matriculated from University High School, Carlton, aged 18. Unable to finance a university course, he became a pupil-teacher with the Victorian Education Department and developed interests in photography and first aid. In 1903 he began training for the ministry through an extra-mural course for 'student lay pastors', serving meanwhile in pioneering districts of Beech Forest and Buchan. His next four years in theological college were interspersed with two periods on a shearers' mission and the publication of his Bushman's Companion (1910).

On completion of his studies for ordination Flynn volunteered for appointment in 1911 to the Smith of Dunesk Mission in the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. This parish extended to the rail head at Oodnadatta where the mission had placed a nursing sister and planned a nursing hostel; under Flynn's practical assistance, it was open on 11 December. Next year Flynn surveyed the Northern Territory and on receiving his two long and detailed reports, one on the needs of Aboriginals and one on the needs of white settlers, the Presbyterian General Assembly that year appointed him superintendent of its Australian Inland Mission, which, in principle, it established at the same meeting. The South Australian, Western Australian and Queensland assemblies transferred their remote areas adjoining the Northern Territory to Flynn's care, and his new charter was initiated at Oodnadatta Nursing Hostel. The mission he was to direct for another thirty-nine years commenced operation with one nursing sister, one padre, a nursing hostel and five camels. It began as it continued 'without preference for nationality or creed', to become a great mantle of safety composed of a network of nursing hostels and hospitals each in close association with a patrol padre.

It took another seventeen years before Flynn's caring service to remote homesteads and communities was completed with the establishment of the A.I.M. Aerial Medical Service at Cloncurry in 1928 and Alfred Traeger's invention of the pedal radio in 1929. Flynn's writings in the Inlander indicate that this fourfold concept was his goal almost from the beginning. In his understanding of community development, he was ahead of his time, for the service he envisaged was to be a framework within which outback communities might 'structure and co-ordinate' their own 'canopy' of safety. By 1918, although World War I impeded development, in addition to the first nursing hostel and patrol based on Oodnadatta Flynn had established patrols based on Port Hedland and Broome in Western Australia, Pine Creek in the Northern Territory and Cloncurry in Queensland. He had also appointed nursing sisters to Port Hedland and Halls Creek in Western Australia and Maranboy and Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, though the latter appointment soon lapsed because of lack of a suitable building. Five years later, Flynn had twenty-three nursing sisters in the field.

The nursing hostel designs were usually prepared by Flynn himself after consultation with architects, engineers and local people to ensure that the design was suitable to climatic conditions and available building material. His design for the Alice Springs hostel, published in 1920 in the Inlander, illustrates his research, having ducted aircooling via a tunnel under the ground floor where wet bags filtered the dust and cooled the air drawn by convection through the wards to the lantern roof. This massive stone building with wide verandahs was completed in 1926.

Between 1913 and 1927 Flynn's magazine, the Inlander, led his battle for a 'brighter bush'. His photographs, documents, statistics, maps and articles publicized the needs of the people and northern Australia's potential for development, which he argued could only be effected by providing security for women and children. He did not overlook Aboriginals, and devoted the first issue of the 1915 Inlander to photographs and stories of the plight of the fringe-dwellers in particular: 'A blot on Australia is shown on our frontispiece … There is no call for sensation. Sensation is too cheap. We need action'. He confessed that everyone was ignorant of how to help but that 'it is up to us to educate ourselves and mend our ways'. He claimed that Aboriginals were neither incompetent nor 'beneath the practice of self-help' and noted also the care that they gave their old men. He continued: 'We who so cheerfully sent a cheque for £100,000 to Belgium to help a people pushed out of their own inheritance by foreigners—surely we must just as cheerfully do something for those whom we clean-handed people have dispossessed in the interests of superior culture'.

There were few in that time who were as outspoken or perceptive as Flynn on this subject—a fact rarely recognized by either Church or public. Within his own Church, another department was responsible for the care of Aboriginals, but Flynn's A.I.M. hospitals were then, as now, open to Aboriginals who were encouraged to seek the medical care offered. Long after Flynn's death, however, allegations mainly by Dr Charles Duguid in his book Doctor and the Aborigines (1972), that A.I.M. hostels had refused to treat Aboriginals and that Flynn had become indifferent to their plight, roused heated controversy.

Flynn's strategy for the location of his nursing hostels and associated patrols was to choose what he called the 'port', whether inland or on the sea front, serving the surrounding outback, and then ensure that the need was confirmed and the hostel supported by the local people who were encouraged to 'take over the entire management wherever they desired and when they were able to bear the burden'. This was not only true of the nursing hostels or homes, for in 1933 when the A.I.M. Aerial Medical Service was transferred to the national Australian Aerial Medical Service, all radios and other equipment went as a gift to the people and communities concerned.

The second phase of Flynn's strategy was marked by his concentration on radio and the 'flying doctor'. As early as 2 May 1925, he declared that 'the practicability of the Flying Doctor proposal depends almost entirely on the widespread adoption of wireless by bush residents' to provide the link between doctor and patient. The press responded to Flynn's ready use of publicity. Later that month he was in Adelaide with George Towns, a returned soldier radio technician, to take delivery of his specially designed Dodge Buckboard for their first inland experiment in radio transmission. They drove to Alice Springs via Beltana, Innamincka, Birdsville, Marree and Oodnadatta conducting test transmissions as they travelled, using a pulley drive from the jacked-up back wheel to generate electricity for radio transmission. The following year Flynn persuaded Alfred Traeger, whom he had met in Adelaide, to come to Alice Springs for further experiments, this time using a Lister engine to generate power at their nursing home base and heavy copper-oxide batteries at Hermannsburg and Arltunga. Their success, including the transmission of the first radio telegram, was only partial, for the type of battery used was unsuitable for remote homesteads.

Meanwhile Flynn had been working on his other project, the aerial medical service. This vision had been inspired in 1917 through a letter to Flynn from Lieutenant Clifford Peel of the Australian Flying Corps, Australian Imperial Force. Later, Flynn's friendship with (Sir) W. Hudson Fysh, a founder of Queensland And Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd (QANTAS), brought him further technical information and encouragement, as did Hugh Victor McKay. When McKay died in 1926 he left £2000 to finance Flynn's experiment on the proviso that the Presbyterian Church doubled that. The Church assembly approved the experimental Aerial Medical Service on condition that Flynn raised £5000, which he obtained with modest help from the civil aviation branch of the Department of Defence and the Wool Brokers' Association. QANTAS leased on very favourable terms a De Havilland 50 aircraft, the first machine available and suitable for aerial medical work. History was made and Flynn's vision became a reality on 17 May 1928 when Dr St Vincent Welch, pilot Affleck at the controls of Victory, answered the first call received by the A.I.M. Aerial Medical Service. Next year Flynn was a delegate to the first world conference on aviation medicine in Paris. Fysh later wrote, 'Flynn the Dreamer … who saw a vision of a Flying Doctor well before the days of practical flying, but kept it firmly fixed in his mind', was a 'practical man when the time came for action'.

This second period also marked Flynn's recognition of the role the two-way radio was to play in the socialization of people in remote areas as they developed a community that is 'heard' but rarely seen. Later he gained Adelaide Miethke's support for the establishment of the Alice Springs Aerial Medical Service: on a visit, she recognized the potential the 'flying doctor' network offered for a 'school of the air' which she later inaugurated. In Sydney on 7 May 1932 Flynn, aged 51, married his devoted secretary, Jean Blanch Baird. 'Thus for the last nineteen years of his life' wrote Scott McPheat, 'the man who championed homelife in two-thirds of Australia himself enjoyed the “glow of a fireside”'.

The final phase of his work began with his merging his A.I.M. Aerial Medical Service into a national community service having resources far greater than any Church could provide. Flynn's dealings with members of State and Commonwealth parliament

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John Flynn (1880-1951), Menteri Presbyterian, pendiri dan pengawas dari Inland Mission Australia Gereja Presbiterian Australia, lahir pada 25 November 1880 di Moliagul, Victoria, anak kedua dari Thomas Eugene Flynn, guru, dan istrinya Rosetta Forsyth, née Lester. Dididik di Snake Valley, sinar matahari dan Braybrook sekolah dasar, ia diterima sebagai mahasiswa dari Universitas SMA, Carlton, berusia 18. Tidak dapat membiayai universitas, ia menjadi murid-guru dengan Dinas Pendidikan Victoria dan kepentingan dikembangkan dalam fotografi dan pertolongan pertama. Pada tahun 1903 ia mulai pelatihan untuk pelayanan melalui kursus tambahan-mural untuk 'mahasiswa berbaring pendeta', melayani sementara di kabupaten perintis dari Beech Hutan dan Buchan. Empat nya tahun ke depan di perguruan tinggi teologis yang diselingi dengan dua periode pada misi pencukur 'dan publikasi Companion Bushman nya (1910). Setelah menyelesaikan studinya untuk penahbisan Flynn sukarela untuk pengangkatan tahun 1911 ke Smith dari Dunesk Misi di utara Flinders Ranges, Australia Selatan. Paroki ini diperluas ke kepala rel di Oodnadatta mana misi telah menempatkan adik keperawatan dan merencanakan keperawatan hostel; di bawah bantuan praktis Flynn, itu terbuka pada tanggal 11 Desember. Tahun depan Flynn disurvei Northern Territory dan menerima dua laporan panjang dan rinci, satu pada kebutuhan Aborigin dan satu pada kebutuhan pemukim putih, Majelis Umum Presbyterian tahun menunjuknya pengawas yang Inland Mission Australia, yang, di prinsipnya, didirikan pada pertemuan yang sama. Australia Selatan, Australia dan Queensland majelis Barat ditransfer daerah terpencil mereka berdampingan Northern Territory untuk perawatan Flynn, dan piagam barunya dimulai pada Oodnadatta Keperawatan Hostel. Misi dia untuk mengarahkan selama tiga puluh sembilan tahun mulai beroperasi dengan satu adik keperawatan, satu pastor, sebuah panti hostel dan lima ekor unta. Ini dimulai karena terus 'tanpa preferensi untuk kebangsaan atau keyakinan', untuk menjadi mantel besar keamanan yang terdiri dari jaringan hostel keperawatan dan rumah sakit masing-masing dalam hubungan erat dengan Padre patroli. Butuh waktu tujuh belas tahun sebelum layanan peduli Flynn untuk jarak jauh homesteads dan masyarakat selesai dengan pembentukan AIM Aerial Layanan Medis di Cloncurry pada tahun 1928 dan penemuan Alfred Traeger tentang radio pedal pada tahun 1929. Flynn tulisan dalam Inlander menunjukkan bahwa konsep empat kali lipat ini tujuannya hampir dari awal. Dalam pemahamannya tentang pengembangan masyarakat, ia mendahului zamannya, untuk layanan dia dipertimbangkan adalah menjadi kerangka di mana masyarakat pedalaman mungkin 'struktur dan koordinasi' mereka sendiri 'kanopi' keselamatan. Pada tahun 1918, meskipun Perang Dunia I terhambat pembangunan, selain pertama menyusui hostel dan patroli berdasarkan Oodnadatta Flynn telah didirikan patroli berdasarkan Port Hedland dan Broome di Australia Barat, Pine Creek di Northern Territory dan Queensland Cloncurry di. Dia juga telah menunjuk saudara keperawatan ke Port Hedland dan Halls Creek di Australia Barat dan Maranboy dan Alice Springs di Northern Territory, meskipun penunjukan kedua segera murtad karena kurangnya bangunan yang cocok. Lima tahun kemudian, Flynn memiliki dua puluh tiga saudara keperawatan di lapangan. Desain keperawatan hostel biasanya disiapkan oleh Flynn sendiri setelah berkonsultasi dengan arsitek, insinyur dan orang-orang lokal untuk memastikan bahwa desain cocok untuk kondisi iklim dan bahan bangunan yang tersedia. Desain untuk asrama Alice Springs, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1920 di Inlander, menggambarkan penelitiannya, memiliki aircooling menyalurkan melalui terowongan di bawah lantai dasar di mana tas basah disaring debu dan didinginkan udara yang ditarik oleh konveksi melalui bangsal ke atap lentera. Ini bangunan batu besar dengan beranda luas selesai pada 1926. Majalah Antara 1913 dan 1927 Flynn, yang Inlander, memimpin pertempuran untuk 'bush terang'. Nya foto, dokumen, statistik, peta dan artikel dipublikasikan kebutuhan masyarakat dan potensi utara Australia untuk pembangunan, yang ia berpendapat hanya bisa dilakukan dengan memberikan keamanan bagi perempuan dan anak-anak. Dia tidak mengabaikan Aborigin, dan mengabdikan edisi pertama dari 1915 Inlander untuk foto-foto dan cerita dari penderitaan pinggiran penghuni khususnya: 'A blot di Australia ditampilkan pada gambar muka kami ... Tidak ada panggilan untuk sensasi. Sensasi terlalu murah. Kita perlu tindakan '. Dia mengaku bahwa semua orang tahu tentang bagaimana membantu tapi itu terserah kepada kita untuk mendidik diri kita sendiri dan memperbaiki cara kami '. Ia mengklaim bahwa Aborigin yang tidak kompeten atau 'bawah praktek self-help' dan mencatat juga perawatan yang mereka berikan orang tua mereka. Ia melanjutkan: 'Kami yang jadi riang mengirim cek untuk £ 100.000 untuk Belgia untuk membantu orang-orang didorong keluar dari warisan mereka sendiri dengan orang asing-tentu kita harus seperti riang melakukan sesuatu untuk mereka yang kita membersihkan tangan orang telah direbut dalam kepentingan budaya unggul '. Ada beberapa pada waktu itu yang adalah sebagai vokal atau perseptif sebagai Flynn pada subjek-a ini bahkan tak jarang diakui oleh salah satu Gereja atau publik. Dalam Gereja sendiri, departemen lain bertanggung jawab untuk perawatan Aborigin, tetapi rumah sakit AIM Flynn kemudian, seperti sekarang, terbuka untuk Aborigin yang didorong untuk mencari perawatan medis yang ditawarkan. Lama setelah kematian Flynn, bagaimanapun, tuduhan terutama oleh Dr Charles Duguid dalam bukunya Dokter dan suku Aborigin (1972), bahwa AIM hostel menolak untuk mengobati Aborigin dan bahwa Flynn telah menjadi acuh tak acuh terhadap penderitaan mereka, membangkitkan kontroversi yang panas. Strategi Flynn untuk Lokasi hostel keperawatan dan patroli terkait adalah untuk memilih apa yang disebut 'pelabuhan', apakah pedalaman atau di depan laut, melayani pedalaman sekitarnya, dan kemudian memastikan bahwa kebutuhan dikonfirmasi dan asrama didukung oleh orang-orang lokal yang didorong untuk 'mengambil alih seluruh manajemen di mana pun mereka inginkan dan ketika mereka mampu menanggung beban'. Ini tidak hanya berlaku satu hostel keperawatan atau rumah, untuk tahun 1933 ketika AIM Aerial Layanan Medis dipindahkan ke nasional Australia Aerial Pelayanan Medis, semua radio dan peralatan lainnya pergi sebagai hadiah kepada orang-orang dan masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Tahap kedua strategi Flynn ditandai dengan konsentrasinya di radio dan 'dokter terbang'. Sedini 2 Mei 1925, ia menyatakan bahwa 'kepraktisan proposal Flying Doctor hampir seluruhnya tergantung pada adopsi nirkabel oleh penduduk bush' untuk memberikan hubungan antara dokter dan pasien. Pers menanggapi siap pakai Flynn publisitas. Kemudian bulan itu ia berada di Adelaide dengan George Towns, seorang teknisi radio tentara kembali, untuk mengambil pengiriman nya dirancang khusus Dodge Buckboard untuk percobaan pedalaman pertama mereka dalam transmisi radio. Mereka melaju ke Alice Springs melalui Beltana, Innamincka, Birdsville, Marree dan Oodnadatta melakukan transmisi tes saat mereka melakukan perjalanan, menggunakan drive katrol dari roda belakang jacked-up untuk menghasilkan listrik untuk transmisi radio. Tahun berikutnya Flynn membujuk Alfred Traeger, siapa dia bertemu di Adelaide, untuk datang ke Alice Springs untuk penelitian lebih lanjut, saat ini menggunakan mesin Lister untuk menghasilkan tenaga di pangkalan panti jompo dan baterai tembaga-oksida berat di Hermannsburg dan Arltunga. Keberhasilan mereka, termasuk transmisi telegram radio pertama, hanya parsial, untuk jenis baterai yang digunakan tidak cocok untuk rumah-rumah terpencil. Sementara Flynn telah bekerja pada proyek yang lain, layanan medis udara. Visi ini telah terinspirasi pada 1917 melalui surat kepada Flynn dari Letnan Clifford Peel dari Australia Flying Corps, Australia Imperial Force. Kemudian, persahabatan Flynn dengan (Sir) W. Hudson Fysh, pendiri Queensland Dan Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd (QANTAS), membawanya informasi teknis lebih lanjut dan dorongan, seperti yang dilakukan Hugh Victor McKay. Ketika McKay meninggal pada tahun 1926 ia meninggalkan £ 2000 untuk membiayai percobaan Flynn pada ketentuan bahwa Gereja Presbyterian dua kali lipat itu. Gereja perakitan menyetujui eksperimental Aerial Pelayanan Medis syarat bahwa Flynn mengangkat £ 5000, yang diperoleh-Nya dengan bantuan sederhana dari cabang penerbangan sipil dari Departemen Pertahanan dan Asosiasi Broker Wol '. QANTAS disewakan pada istilah yang sangat menguntungkan sebuah De Havilland 50 pesawat, mesin pertama yang tersedia dan cocok untuk pekerjaan medis udara. Sejarah dibuat dan visi Flynn menjadi kenyataan pada 17 Mei 1928 ketika Dr St Vincent Welch, pilot Affleck di kontrol dari Victory, menjawab panggilan pertama diterima oleh AIM Aerial Pelayanan Medis. Tahun depan Flynn adalah delegasi ke konferensi dunia pertama tentang pengobatan penerbangan di Paris. Fysh kemudian menulis, 'Flynn Pemimpi ... yang melihat visi dari Flying Doctor baik sebelum hari terbang praktis, tetapi menyimpannya tegas tetap dalam pikirannya', adalah 'orang yang praktis ketika tiba saatnya untuk bertindak'. Kedua ini periode juga ditandai pengakuan Flynn dari peran radio dua arah adalah untuk bermain dalam sosialisasi masyarakat di daerah terpencil karena mereka mengembangkan sebuah komunitas yang 'mendengar' tapi jarang terlihat. Kemudian ia mendapat dukungan Adelaide Miethke untuk pembentukan Alice Springs Aerial Pelayanan Medis: pada kunjungan, dia mengakui potensi 'terbang dokter jaringan ditawarkan untuk' sekolah dari udara 'yang ia kemudian diresmikan. Di Sydney pada 7 Mei 1932 Flynn, berusia 51, menikah sekretaris setia, Jean Blanch Baird. 'Jadi selama sembilan belas tahun terakhir hidupnya "tulis Scott McPheat,' orang yang dijagokan homelife dalam dua-pertiga dari Australia sendiri menikmati" cahaya dari perapian "'. Tahap akhir dari karyanya dimulai dengan nya penggabungan AIM nya Aerial Layanan Medis menjadi sumber daya nasional pelayanan masyarakat memiliki jauh lebih besar daripada Gereja bisa memberikan. Berurusan Flynn dengan anggota Negara dan Commonwealth parlemen