had placental abnormalities, compared to 46.7% of pregnancieswithout h translation - had placental abnormalities, compared to 46.7% of pregnancieswithout h Indonesian how to say

had placental abnormalities, compar

had placental abnormalities, compared to 46.7% of pregnancies
without hypertension (χ2 = 2.78, P = .095). In
HR offspring with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, not
only 80.0% of those with maternal hypertension but also
73.9% of those without maternal hypertension had placental
abnormalities.
Some variables that in previous studies have consistently
been associated with increased risk of schizophrenia were
not replicated in our study. Birth weight under 2500 g has
been associated with approximately a 1.7-fold increased
risk of schizophrenia,1,14 while birth weight over 4000 g
increased the risk of schizophrenia 1.7-fold in a Finnish
schizophrenia family study.12 Because only 10.7% of the
HR group developed schizophrenia spectrum psychosis, we
had limited statistical power to detect an association of this
magnitude. Severe complications that have been repeatedly
associated with schizophrenia include eg, placental abruption,
emergency Caesarean section, asphyxia or neonatal
distress and congenital abnormalities,1 but because of
their rarity, we lacked power to detect possible associations
between them and schizophrenia spectrum psychosis risk.
Strengths and Limitations
The Helsinki HR study is one of the largest HR studies
and has one of the longest follow-up times. We rediagnosed
mothers and offspring according to DSM-IV
criteria based on case-record data obtained both from
in- and outpatient treatments. We also assessed the age
of onset of symptoms based on case-record data, which
was necessary for the survival analysis. Data in obstetric
records were well structured and we extracted them carefully.
Therefore, the information that was available in this
study was much more detailed than in studies that have
been based solely on register data. The cohort included
all mothers who had been treated in mental hospitals
in the Helsinki area before 1974 and had given birth in
Helsinki between 1960 and 1964, with controls matched
to cases by age, sex, and place of birth. The attrition in
the sample was random and was related to difficulties in
locating the obstetric records, not to refusal to participate
in the study. However, the number of offspring who
had developed schizophrenia spectrum disorder was still
relatively small and we lacked statistical power to detect
moderate-sized associations. Some complications could
not be studied because they were not routinely diagnosed
previously—eg, gestational diabetes became established
as a separate diagnostic entity only in the 1960s.38
We used the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register to
select offspring who have been treated because of psychiatric
disorder. The accuracy of data on psychiatric
diagnoses in the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register is
excellent39 and the reliability of schizophrenia diagnosis
is good.9 However, we were not able to interview the study
sample, which may have allowed for some hidden morbidity
in the cohort, especially of less severe psychiatric
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memiliki kelainan bolus, dibandingkan dengan 46.7% kehamilantanpa hipertensi (χ2 = 2,78, P =.095 mendapat DalamHR keturunan dengan skizofrenia spectrum disorder, tidakhanya 80.0% dari orang-orang dengan hipertensi ibu tetapi juga73.9% dari mereka tanpa ibu hipertensi telah boluskelainan.Beberapa variabel yang dalam studi sebelumnya telah secara konsistendikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko skizofreniatidak direplikasi dalam penelitian kami. Berat lahir di bawah 2500 g telahdikaitkan dengan sekitar 1.7-fold peningkatanrisiko skizofrenia, 1, 14 sementara berat lahir lebih dari 4000 gmeningkatkan risiko skizofrenia 1.7-fold di Finlandiaskizofrenia keluarga study.12 karena hanya 10,7% dariKelompok SDM dikembangkan skizofrenia spektrum psikosis, kamimemiliki terbatas Statistik kekuatan untuk mendeteksi sebuah asosiasi inibesarnya. Komplikasi parah yang telah berulang kaliterkait dengan skizofrenia termasuk misalnya, pendarahan,Caesar darurat, asphyxia atau neonatuskesusahan dan kelainan kongenital, [1] Namun karenakelangkaan mereka, kita tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk mendeteksi mungkin Asosiasiantara mereka dan skizofrenia risiko psikosis spektrum.Kekuatan dan keterbatasanStudi Helsinki HR adalah salah satu terbesar HR studidan memiliki salah satu terpanjang waktu tindak lanjut. Kami rediagnosedIbu dan keturunan menurut DSM-IVkriteria berdasarkan kasus-record data diperoleh baik daridi - dan rawat jalan perawatan. Kami juga dinilai usiaof onset of symptoms based on case-record data, whichwas necessary for the survival analysis. Data in obstetricrecords were well structured and we extracted them carefully.Therefore, the information that was available in thisstudy was much more detailed than in studies that havebeen based solely on register data. The cohort includedall mothers who had been treated in mental hospitalsin the Helsinki area before 1974 and had given birth inHelsinki between 1960 and 1964, with controls matchedto cases by age, sex, and place of birth. The attrition inthe sample was random and was related to difficulties inlocating the obstetric records, not to refusal to participatein the study. However, the number of offspring whohad developed schizophrenia spectrum disorder was stillrelatively small and we lacked statistical power to detectmoderate-sized associations. Some complications couldnot be studied because they were not routinely diagnosedpreviously—eg, gestational diabetes became establishedas a separate diagnostic entity only in the 1960s.38We used the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register toselect offspring who have been treated because of psychiatricdisorder. The accuracy of data on psychiatricdiagnoses in the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register isexcellent39 and the reliability of schizophrenia diagnosisis good.9 However, we were not able to interview the studysample, which may have allowed for some hidden morbiditydalam kelompok, terutama dari kurang parah psikiatri
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memiliki kelainan plasenta, dibandingkan dengan 46,7% dari kehamilan
tanpa hipertensi (χ2 = 2,78, P = 0,095). Dalam
HR keturunan dengan gangguan spektrum skizofrenia, bukan
hanya 80,0% dari mereka dengan hipertensi ibu tetapi juga
73,9% dari mereka yang tidak hipertensi ibu memiliki plasenta
kelainan.
Beberapa variabel yang dalam studi sebelumnya telah konsisten
dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko skizofrenia yang
tidak direplikasi di kami studi. Berat lahir kurang dari 2500 g telah
dikaitkan dengan kira-kira 1,7 kali lipat peningkatan
risiko skizofrenia, 1,14 sedangkan berat lahir lebih dari 4000 g
meningkatkan risiko skizofrenia 1,7 kali lipat dalam Finlandia
study.12 keluarga skizofrenia Karena hanya 10,7% dari
Kelompok HR dikembangkan spektrum skizofrenia psikosis, kami
telah membatasi kekuatan statistik untuk mendeteksi sebuah asosiasi ini
besarnya. Komplikasi berat yang telah berulang kali
dikaitkan dengan skizofrenia termasuk misalnya solusio plasenta,
bagian darurat caesar, asfiksia atau neonatal
distress dan kelainan bawaan, 1 tetapi karena
kelangkaan mereka, kami tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk mendeteksi asosiasi yang mungkin
antara mereka dan skizofrenia spektrum risiko psikosis.
Kekuatan dan Keterbatasan
Penelitian HR Helsinki adalah salah satu studi HR terbesar
dan memiliki salah satu saat tindak lanjut terpanjang. Kami rediagnosed
ibu dan anak menurut DSM-IV
kriteria berdasarkan data kasus-record yang diperoleh baik dari
perawatan-dan rawat jalan. Kami juga menilai usia
onset gejala berdasarkan data kasus-record, yang
diperlukan untuk analisis survival. Data di kebidanan
catatan yang terstruktur dengan baik dan kami diekstraksi dengan hati-hati.
Oleh karena itu, informasi yang tersedia dalam
studi jauh lebih rinci daripada dalam studi yang
telah didasarkan pada data yang mendaftar. Kohort termasuk
semua ibu yang telah dirawat di rumah sakit jiwa
di daerah Helsinki sebelum tahun 1974 dan telah melahirkan di
Helsinki antara tahun 1960 dan 1964, dengan kontrol cocok
untuk kasus oleh usia, jenis kelamin, dan tempat lahir. The gesekan di
sampel adalah random dan terkait dengan kesulitan dalam
menemukan catatan kebidanan, tidak menolak untuk berpartisipasi
dalam penelitian ini. Namun, jumlah anak yang
telah mengembangkan gangguan spektrum skizofrenia masih
relatif kecil dan kami tidak memiliki kekuatan statistik untuk mendeteksi
asosiasi berukuran sedang. Beberapa komplikasi bisa
tidak dipelajari karena mereka tidak secara rutin didiagnosis
sebelumnya-misalnya, diabetes gestasional menjadi mapan
sebagai entitas diagnostik yang terpisah hanya di 1960s.38
Kami menggunakan Rumah Sakit Finlandia Discharge Daftar untuk
memilih keturunan yang telah dirawat karena kejiwaan
gangguan. Akurasi data pada kejiwaan
diagnosa di Rumah Sakit Finlandia Discharge Register adalah
excellent39 dan keandalan diagnosis skizofrenia
adalah good.9 Namun, kami tidak bisa mewawancarai studi
sampel, yang mungkin telah memungkinkan untuk beberapa morbiditas tersembunyi
dalam kelompok, terutama kurang parah kejiwaan
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