Cheung and Ng (1998) provides evidence about long term interlinkages among equity market indices and real oil price,
real consumption, real money, and real output by employing Johansen cointegration framework.
Equity market returns are found related to transitory deviations from the long run relationship
and to changes in the macroeconomic variables.
Cointegration analysis under constrained environment provide insight about
equity market return variation that is not already captured through dividend yields,
interest rate spreads, and GNP growth rates.