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In the construction of ports it is usual for anenvironmental impact assessment to be undertakenfollowed by consultation with affected parties orinterest groups. The displacement of natural habitatand wildlife are thus considered in balance with thegains to be made to the local economy to produce acost-benefit analysis report. Such public consultationcan take years and cost millions for the end resultto maintain the status quo. One example is that ofthe proposed £600-million greenfield container portproject at Dibden Bay, Southampton in the UnitedKingdom. On the one hand the economic argumentwas (a) a national need for more container handlingcapacity, (b) job creation both during construction andfor general operation, (c) increased efficiency leadingto lower costs to consumers, and (d) local economicstimulus. The environmental argument against theproject was that there was (a) a threat to designatedenvironmental areas, (b) risk of oil spills, (c) habitat loss,and (d) visual impact on the landscape. In the end, thedebate about whether to build a deep-water containerterminal lasted 4–5 years, cost Associated BritishPorts £50 million, and failed (Southern Daily Echo,2009). Several years later a new container port, DPWorld’s London Gateway was built when a brownfieldsite approximately 100 miles to the northeast on theRiver Thames became available for reuse.
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