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Once activated, MEKK1 stands at the top of a MAP kinase pathways leading to transcriptional regulation, including JNK1 (Jun NH2-terminal Kinase-1) phosphorylation of c-Jun to stimulate transcriptional activation by Activator Protein-1, a heterodimer of c-Jun and c-Fos or ATF (Activating Transcription Factor) proteins. The activation of the p38 MAP kinase also contributes to AP-1 activation leading to the transcriptional activation of many stress and growth related genes (Ref.4). RIP has been suggested as a component of the p38 pathway in addition to playing a role in NF-KappaB activation. TNF signaling has been implicated in many other diseases including: multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and TRAPS (TNF-Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome). A better understanding ofTNF and its relatives should eventually result in the development of small molecules that can successfully inhibit and modulate the biological activity of these cytokines and thereby provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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