The arte of root respiration commonly is low in soils compacted by pes translation - The arte of root respiration commonly is low in soils compacted by pes Indonesian how to say

The arte of root respiration common

The arte of root respiration commonly is low in soils compacted by pestrian trafic, heavy machinery, and grazing animal. Soil compaction is sharacteristic of many campsites, parks, golf courses, and timber jarvesting areas. Forest soils are especially prone to compaction. Soil compaction decreases the number and size of macropores and increases the propotion of microphone space . Such changes inhibit water drainage as well as diffusion of 02 into and diffusion of CO2 out of the soil(see chapter 5 of Kozlowsko and Pallardy,1997).
A defiency of soil 02 also may result from placement of fill around shade trees. In an area where clay fill was placed around trees, the soil 02 concentration declined to near 1% and CO2 concentration increased to 20% . By comparison , the soil 02 content in an adjacent undisturbed forest was at least 18% and CO2 content did not exceed 2,5%. Arborists sometimes install wells, tiles, and gravel fills to increase soil aeration (Harris,1992) . Some species are more tolerant than others of soil fills, prsumably because their roots are more tolerant of low O2 concentrations.
When a soil is flooded, the water occupies the soil pores, caussing almost immediate deficiency of soil O2 in the soil are consumed by roots and microorganisms within a few hours (Kozlowski 1984a,b) and diffuses out of the roots to the rhizophere . Such O2 transport benefits plants by ozidizing reduced soil compounds such as toxic ferrous and manganous ions( Opik,1980) . Entry of O2 trough leaves is well know in willows ( Armstrong, 1968) and lodgepole pine ( Philipson and Coutts, 1978,1980) and has been raported to occur through lenticels of twigs , stems, and roots of several species of wood plants( Hook,1984) .
Other adaptations of flood-tolerant species include formation of hypertrophied lenticels on submerged potions of stems and on roots as well as formation of aerenchyma tissue with large inrcellular spaces through which O2 is easily transported(Kozlowski and Pallardy,1997)

Mechanical Stimuli and Injuries
Handling, rubbing, and bending of leaves often cause large increases in the rate of respiration, as shown in Fog.6.18. This suggest that care should be taken to avoid rough handling of plant tissues before measuring respiration andperhaps some other processes. Wounding, such as as slicing fruits, severing twigs, or cutting out a a block of bark or wood, usually is accompanied by an increase in respiration of severed twigs are higher than the rates in twigs of intact plants. Acceleration of respiration following injury is associated with loss of intergrity of subcellular organels, increased availability of O2, and intiation of repair processes by the infected plant (McLaughlin and Shriner,1980).
An increase in respiration of plants follows invasion by panthogens that interfere with feedback controls which regulate respiration (Daly,1976). The high respiration rates of diseased plants reflect increased metabolic activity of the host, the pantogen, or both (Kozlowski,1992).

Chemicals
Respiration is sensitive to a variety of chemicals that inhibit various stages of the overall process. For example, flouride blocks conversion of phoshoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate , and specific steps in the kreb cycle are blocked cytochromes b and c', and inhibitors such as cyanide and carbonmonixide block the final stage of electron transport . Cyanide- resistant respiration also increases in some storage tissues when incubated aerobically(Ikuma, 1972;Solomis,1977).
In general, the respiration pathway is similar in plant and animal tissues, and altough both generally respond to the same inhibitord, there are some differences. For example, rotenone is a powerfil inhibitor of electron transport in animal mitochonddria but is relatively ineffective in plants. The limited data avaliable indicate no differences between woody and herbaceous species in their reaction to repiratory inhibitors(Bernes,1958). There may be some variations in respiratory pathway in seedlings and older tissue that cause differences in reaction in inhibitors , but little information is avaliable on this point .

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Arte respirasi akar sering rendah tanah dipadatkan dengan pestrian lalu lintas, mesin-mesin berat dan merumput hewan. Pemadatan tanah adalah sharacteristic banyak perkemahan, Taman, Lapangan golf, dan kayu jarvesting daerah. Tanah hutan khususnya rentan terhadap pemadatan. Pemadatan tanah menurunkan jumlah dan ukuran macropores dan meningkatkan propotion ruang mikrofon. Perubahan tersebut menghambat drainase air serta difusi 02 ke dan difusi CO2 dari tanah (Lihat Bab 5 Kozlowsko dan Pallardy, 1997).
Akan berakibat pada buruknya tanah 02 juga mungkin hasil dari penempatan mengisi di sekitar keteduhan pohon. Di daerah mana tanah liat mengisi ditempatkan di sekitar pohon, konsentrasi tanah 02 menolak untuk dekat 1% dan konsentrasi CO2 meningkat menjadi 20%. Sebagai perbandingan, kandungan tanah 02 di hutan tidak terganggu berdekatan adalah sekurang-kurangnya 18% dan kandungan CO2 tidak melebihi 2,5%. Arborists kadang-kadang menginstal wells, ubin, dan kerikil mengisi untuk meningkatkan tanah aerasi (Harris, 1992). Beberapa spesies lebih toleran daripada yang lain dari tanah mengisi, prsumably karena akar mereka lebih toleran terhadap konsentrasi rendah O2.
Ketika tanah tergenang air, air menempati pori-pori tanah, caussing hampir segera kekurangan tanah O2 dalam tanah dikonsumsi oleh akar dan mikroorganisme dalam beberapa jam (Kozlowski 1984a, b) dan berdifusi dari akar untuk rhizophere. Seperti O2 transportasi manfaat tanaman oleh ozidizing berkurang tanah senyawa seperti beracun ferrous dan manganous ion (Opik, 1980). Entri O2 palung daun adalah baik tahu di willows (Armstrong, 1968) dan pinus lodgepole (Philipson dan Coutts, 1978,1980) dan telah raported terjadi melalui lenticels ranting, batang dan akar dari beberapa jenis kayu tanaman (Hook, 1984).
Adaptasi lain dari spesies banjir-toleran meliputi pembentukan modern lenticels pada terendam ramuan batang dan akar juga pembentukan jaringan aerenchyma dengan inrcellular besar ruang melalui O2 yang adalah mudah diangkut (Kozlowski dan Pallardy, 1997)

rangsangan mekanik dan cedera
penanganan, menggosok, dan membungkuk daun sering menyebabkan peningkatan besar dalam rata-rata pernapasan, seperti ditunjukkan pada Fog.6.18. Ini menunjukkan bahwa perhatian harus diambil untuk menghindari kasar penanganan jaringan tanaman sebelum mengukur respirasi andperhaps beberapa proses lain. Melukai, seperti seperti as mengiris buah-buahan, pemotongan ranting, atau memotong keluar satu blok dari kulit kayu atau kayu, biasanya disertai dengan peningkatan rata-rata pernapasan ranting dipotong lebih tinggi dari harga ranting dari tanaman utuh. Percepatan respirasi mengikuti cedera dikaitkan dengan hilangnya intergrity organels subcellular, peningkatan ketersediaan O2, dan intiation perbaikan proses oleh tanaman terinfeksi (McLaughlin dan Shriner, 1980).
Peningkatan respirasi tanaman mengikuti invasi oleh panthogens yang mengganggu umpan balik kontrol yang mengatur respirasi (Daly, 1976). Tingkat tinggi respirasi tanaman berpenyakit mencerminkan peningkatan aktivitas metabolik Angkatan, pantogen, atau keduanya (Kozlowski, 1992).

Kimia
pernafasan sensitif terhadap berbagai bahan kimia yang menghambat berbagai tahap proses secara keseluruhan. Sebagai contoh, flouride blok konversi phoshoglycerate ke phosphoenolpyruvate, dan langkah-langkah spesifik dalam siklus kreb diblokir cytochromes b dan c', dan inhibitor seperti sianida dan carbonmonixide memblokir tahap akhir dalam pengangkutan elektron. Sianida - tahan pernapasan juga meningkat dalam beberapa jaringan penyimpanan ketika diinkubasi aerobically (Ikuma, 1972;Solomis, 1977).
secara umum, jalur respirasi sama tanaman dan hewan jaringan, dan meskipun keduanya umumnya menanggapi inhibitord sama, ada beberapa perbedaan. Sebagai contoh, rotenone adalah inhibitor powerfil pengangkutan elektron dalam mitochonddria hewan tetapi relatif tidak efektif dalam tanaman. Data terbatas yang tersedia menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan antara spesies kayu dan herba mereka reaksi repiratory inhibitors(Bernes,1958). Mungkin ada beberapa variasi pernapasan jalur di bibit dan remaja jaringan yang menyebabkan perbedaan dalam reaksi dalam inhibitor, tetapi sedikit informasi yang tersedia mengenai hal ini.

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The arte of root respiration commonly is low in soils compacted by pestrian trafic, heavy machinery, and grazing animal. Soil compaction is sharacteristic of many campsites, parks, golf courses, and timber jarvesting areas. Forest soils are especially prone to compaction. Soil compaction decreases the number and size of macropores and increases the propotion of microphone space . Such changes inhibit water drainage as well as diffusion of 02 into and diffusion of CO2 out of the soil(see chapter 5 of Kozlowsko and Pallardy,1997).
A defiency of soil 02 also may result from placement of fill around shade trees. In an area where clay fill was placed around trees, the soil 02 concentration declined to near 1% and CO2 concentration increased to 20% . By comparison , the soil 02 content in an adjacent undisturbed forest was at least 18% and CO2 content did not exceed 2,5%. Arborists sometimes install wells, tiles, and gravel fills to increase soil aeration (Harris,1992) . Some species are more tolerant than others of soil fills, prsumably because their roots are more tolerant of low O2 concentrations.
When a soil is flooded, the water occupies the soil pores, caussing almost immediate deficiency of soil O2 in the soil are consumed by roots and microorganisms within a few hours (Kozlowski 1984a,b) and diffuses out of the roots to the rhizophere . Such O2 transport benefits plants by ozidizing reduced soil compounds such as toxic ferrous and manganous ions( Opik,1980) . Entry of O2 trough leaves is well know in willows ( Armstrong, 1968) and lodgepole pine ( Philipson and Coutts, 1978,1980) and has been raported to occur through lenticels of twigs , stems, and roots of several species of wood plants( Hook,1984) .
Other adaptations of flood-tolerant species include formation of hypertrophied lenticels on submerged potions of stems and on roots as well as formation of aerenchyma tissue with large inrcellular spaces through which O2 is easily transported(Kozlowski and Pallardy,1997)

Mechanical Stimuli and Injuries
Handling, rubbing, and bending of leaves often cause large increases in the rate of respiration, as shown in Fog.6.18. This suggest that care should be taken to avoid rough handling of plant tissues before measuring respiration andperhaps some other processes. Wounding, such as as slicing fruits, severing twigs, or cutting out a a block of bark or wood, usually is accompanied by an increase in respiration of severed twigs are higher than the rates in twigs of intact plants. Acceleration of respiration following injury is associated with loss of intergrity of subcellular organels, increased availability of O2, and intiation of repair processes by the infected plant (McLaughlin and Shriner,1980).
An increase in respiration of plants follows invasion by panthogens that interfere with feedback controls which regulate respiration (Daly,1976). The high respiration rates of diseased plants reflect increased metabolic activity of the host, the pantogen, or both (Kozlowski,1992).

Chemicals
Respiration is sensitive to a variety of chemicals that inhibit various stages of the overall process. For example, flouride blocks conversion of phoshoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate , and specific steps in the kreb cycle are blocked cytochromes b and c', and inhibitors such as cyanide and carbonmonixide block the final stage of electron transport . Cyanide- resistant respiration also increases in some storage tissues when incubated aerobically(Ikuma, 1972;Solomis,1977).
In general, the respiration pathway is similar in plant and animal tissues, and altough both generally respond to the same inhibitord, there are some differences. For example, rotenone is a powerfil inhibitor of electron transport in animal mitochonddria but is relatively ineffective in plants. The limited data avaliable indicate no differences between woody and herbaceous species in their reaction to repiratory inhibitors(Bernes,1958). There may be some variations in respiratory pathway in seedlings and older tissue that cause differences in reaction in inhibitors , but little information is avaliable on this point .

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