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It is, however, both true and important that morality includesmuch more than the obligations and duties which arerecognized in the actual practice of social groups. Obligationand duty are only the bedrock of morality, even of socialmorality, and there are forms of morality which extend beyondthe accepted shared morality of particular societies. Twofurther aspects of morality require attention here. First, evenwithin the morality of a particular society, there exist side byside with the structure of mandatory moral obligations andduties and the relatively clear rules that define them, certainmoral ideals. The realization of these is not taken, as duty is,as a matter of course, but as an achievement deserving praise.The hero and the saint are extreme types of those who domore than their duty. What they do is not like obligation orduty, something which can be demanded of them, and failureto do it is not regarded as wrong or a matter for censure. Ona humbler scale than the saint or hero, are those who arerecognized in a society as deserving praise for the moral virtueswhich they manifest in daily life such as bravery, charity,benevolence, patience, or chastity. The connection betweensuch socially recognized ideals and virtues and the primarymandatory forms of social obligation and duty is fairly clear.Many moral virtues are qualities consisting in the ability anddisposition to carry forward beyond the limited extent whichduty demands, the kind of concern for others' interests orsacrifice of personal interest which it does demand. Benevolenceand charity are examples of this. Other moral virtueslike temperance, patience, bravery, or conscientiousness are in a sense ancillary: they are qualities of character shown inexceptional devotion to duty or in the pursuit of substantivemoral ideals in the face of special temptation or danger.
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