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Fig. 4. The fate of cellular misfolded protein is shown. (A) Nascent polypeptide chain is converted into folded protein. (B) Polypetide chainreaches misfolded structure. (C) Native protein molecule is converted into misfolded structure due to specific mutation or cellular stress. (D)In the first step Hsp 40 ⁄ 70 ⁄ 90 facilitate to direct them to the proteasomal pathway and the second step is ubiquitination of misfolded proteinassisted by E1 (ubiquitin activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin conjugating enzyme) & E3 (ubiquitin ligase). (E) Due to the damage of ubiquitinenzymes, misfolded protein is directed to the aggregation pathway. (F) Misfolded protein enters into the proteasome system with the helpof ubiquitin complex. (G) Proteasome’s action degrades misfolded protein into small peptides and ubiquitin is regenerated. (H) Impaired proteasomesystem couldn’t degrade misfolded protein. (I, J) The misfolded protein forms aggregate. (K) Cellular Hsp104 disaggregates thecompact aggregates and develop partially folded monomer with the assistance of Hsp70. (L) Partially folded protein is converted into nativeprotein by the action of Hsp60 chaperones. (M) Hsp104 and Hsp70 chaperones can directly convert compact aggregate into native monomericprotein. (N) Aggregates or fibrillar amyloid may further interact each other to form plaque like structure and accumulates in the differentcellular space and becomes toxic and this toxicity formation cause amyloidosis class of disorders. (O) Non-toxic matured amyloid causeAmyloidoses type disorders.
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