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Life-Styles and Aging: The Hungarian Caseลิงก์เอกสาร ProQuestบทคัดย่อ (Abstract): This paper is an analysis of the presence and the consequences of ageism and sexism incontemporary sport relative to Hungarian women. The major purposes are: (1) to consider some theoreticalconcerns about research on physical activity in the later years; (2) to examine how the double disadvantage ofbeing old and female influences life-styles in connection with sport; (3) to review research relative to how andwhy sport is or is not an integral part of life-style of the 50+ age group of women in Hungary; (4) to presentresults of research carried out recently in Hungary on elderly people's sport participation and their judgments oftheir own physical activity. Findings from a variety of studies were discussed, including 1987 and 1997 studiesof the Budapest older population. Interview and questionnaire techniques were used to collect data relative toparticipation and interpretation of sport and physical activity. According to the findings, of the 1997 study, only19% of women over 70 reported their health as satisfactory, compared with 5.6 % of the men. Lasting diseaseswere more frequent among women than among men (42.3 % versus 34.1%). 38.8 % of females and 27.8 % ofmales aged 70-74 years cannot walk a distance of 2 kilometers; 47.1% of females and 31.8 % of males in thesame age groups are not able to ascend 10 stairsteps without taking a rest. Approximately 5 % of males over60 and approximately 4% of females over 55 were physically active. It appears to the great majority ofHungarian older women that they are losers of the recent system change: because of growing poverty their lifechanceshave been worsening, their opportunities for choosing the components of their life-styles-includingphysical activity have narrowed and social distances within and between the individual age cohorts haveincreased, including sport participation. There is a need for rethinking attitudes and for increasing awareness ofhow physical fitness could keep Hungarians in all ages healthier, more independent and more optimistic.Although surprisingly little attention has been given to elderly women's sport involvement, researchers ofwomen's sport in the later years have indicated that women participate in sport at disproportionately low ratescompared with both younger females and elderly males. Sometimes research findings concerning largepopulations' interest in sport are misleading, When noting differences in sport participation, one might thinkmore elderly females than males are involved in physical activity than actually exists. But this is due primarily tothe fact that older cohorts consist of many more females than males. Since in many research studies, elderliesare grouped into one age category (most often over 65, or over the age of retirement in a given country), andsometimes gender differences in sport participation are not distinguished, there are not sufficient data to knowto what extent the quite old females (over 75) are involved in physical activity. It is hypothesized, however, thatwomen's participation is inversely proportional to age, that is, at later chronological age the decline in this areais stronger than at any earlier stages in life. The reason for such decline is not the lack of their capability, ratherthe lack of knowledge why and how they should be active.During the same period there has been considerable progress in women's sport as well. I do not intend to give acomprehensive overview on its development, but will provide some resources and exmples of major changes.Male domination has decreased in sport on a global scale, except in cultures where women's social status androle are strictly restricted and where traditional myths and beliefs on the damaging impact of modern sports onwomen are still persisting (Kerzabi, 1986; Seifer, 1985). Although females are underrepresented in mostnational and international sport bodies, their presence in leadership in the Scandinavian countries is impressivein comparison with other nations. For example, female representation in the highest decision-making bodies inNorway is 33 % (Skitstad, 1997). Moreover, girls and women's participation, above all in recreation, fitness anddance has remarkably increased, and not only in the Western world: in Indonesia a national women's sportweek is organized yearly and there have been endeavors to promote gender equity in sport
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