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MethodologyAnderson and Zwelling36 first applied SERVQUALto the health sector, which in turn wasadapted to the Greek health sector characteristicsby Christoglou et al.31 The instrumentincluded 22 pairs of Likert scale statementsmeasuring five SERVQUAL service RATERquality dimensions. A seven-point scale rangingfrom strongly agree (7) to strongly disagree(1) accompanies each statement. Theinstrument included paired t-tests consisting ofa sample of matched pairs. Gap mean analysesbased on the gender, the level of education andage were used to detect how gaps betweenperceptions and expectations of quality vary.An analysis of variance was conducted to testthe mean values of the gaps between expectationsand perceptions, whereas the internalconsistency was assessed via the comparison ofthe Chronbach parameters. A series of one-wayANOVAs were conducted to detect whether therewere any gap mean differences regardingexpectations and perceptions between participantsdepending on their age and education.ANOVAs are used when one wishes to comparethree or more mean values. The F ratio can bethought of as a measure of how different themean values are relative to the variabilitywithin each sample. The larger this value, thegreater the likelihood that the differencesbetween mean values.
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