Include lengthy articles (five to fifty+ pages) which contain original research or results of a study done in a specific subject area (e.g. music theory, psychology, medicine).
Contain articles with footnotes or cited reference pages. The cited references allow the reader to consult the same material that the author used in his/her research.
Intended for an academic or scholarly audience and use technical or specialized vocabulary.
Publish articles written by scholars, specialists, or researchers in the field (as opposed to articles written by journalists reporting on or synthesizing research).
Publish reviews of the literature.
Include articles with charts or tables: news photos and other types of graphics are often not used except in the case of articles on visual subjects such as art, design, or architecture.
Produced under the editorial supervision of a professional association (e.g. Journal of the American Medical Association) or by a scholarly press (e.g. University of Washington Press).
Contain little or no advertising or photographs.
Issued less frequently than magazines (i.e. two to twelve times per year.)