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The turning point of World War II came in the winter of 1942-43; two battles are often identified as especially critical. British victory in the Second Battle of El Alamein (November 1942) initiated the Anglo-American recovery of North Africa. This enabled the invasion of Italy, which led quickly to Italian surrender. In February 1943, the siege of Stalingrad was finally broken with Russian victory in the Battle of Stalingrad. Thenceforward, Germany was forced steadily westward by Russian forces.3Axis power steadily declined over 1943-44. The Allies came to dominate the air in both Europe and the Pacific, allowing bombardment of German and Japanese cities. On June 6, 1944, the invasion of Europe began with the Normandy Landings in northern France. At this point, Germany began launching rockets at Britain.2,3Following the liberation of France, the Allies were forced to pause for the winter and fortify their supply lines. During this pause came Hitler’s final desperate offensive: the Battle of the Bulge, in which German forces attempted to divide the Western Front and establish a foothold in Belgium. While alarmingly successful at first, the advance only succeeded in creating a temporary “bulge” in the Allied line.2,3
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