Table 1. Ten Anchors and Enders: Instructor Centered
Pedagogical Activity Brief Description of the Idea 1. Online Video Anchoring Online videos are used as an anchor or advance organizer of a class lecture. 2. Online Video Ender Online videos are used after discussion and activities as a class ―ender‖ or capstone event. 3. Anchoring and Ending One or more online videos are used to start discussion as well as others at the end of the class to draw a sense of closure to that discussion. 4. Online Class Previews and Discussion The instructor(s) finds videos and then posts them to the course management system for students to watch prior to or after class. If students participate in an online discussion based on such videos, the instructor should be clear about the length of post (e.g., two paragraphs) and how many comments of peers to respond to. 5. Anchor with Discussion The instructor(s) finds videos and shows them in class and students discuss them in small groups with certain assigned tasks. 6. Pause and Reflect The instructor(s) plays a portion of a YouTube video and pauses for reflections and then continues playing the video which is followed by still more class reflection. 7. Key Concept Reflections Instructor shows the YouTube video and asks students to reflect on concepts embedded in it. He may replay the video 1-2 more times while prompting the class for certain key concepts. He might ask students to say ―pause‖ when they see a concept from a particular chapter or unit displayed. 8. Video Anchor, Lecture, and Test (VALT) Instructor(s) might show 1-2 YouTube videos at the start of a class and then lectures on topics related to concepts in those videos. When done lecturing, the instructor might show the same YouTube videos and ask for student reflection papers or discussion of what concepts are displayed in them. Such an activity might be embedded in a course quiz or examination. 9. On-Demand Conceptual Anchoring Instructor pauses a class activity or discussion at any moment and shows a YouTube videos related to a concept, theory, or idea being presented or discussed. 10. Videoconferencing Anchors and Enders YouTube videos might be shown in a videoconference or web conference with other classes and then used to spur discussion and interaction across sites. Controversial videos might be purposefully chosen to foster such interaction.