a school). This can be done for any number of stages, the three given  translation - a school). This can be done for any number of stages, the three given  Indonesian how to say

a school). This can be done for any

a school). This can be done for any number of stages, the three given here
being just an example, and is often used in electoral studies.
A problem with cluster and multistage sampling methods is that they
are no longer purely random. This is because generally speaking people
who are clustered within a site (e.g. pupils in a school) are more similar
than they are across sites. If we think about schools, we know that
within schools pupils are likely to be more homogeneous with respect to
social background (due to catchment area effects) than the population of
pupils as a whole. Also, the very fact of being within a site, e.g. a school,
will tend to make people more similar, as they are subject to the same
peer group effects and culture of the organisation. This leads to problems
when we are doing statistical analyses in that we will need to use methods
that have been designed specially for this type of sample, as we will
see in Chapter 11.
The above are all probability sampling methods, and if used properly
we can be reasonably confident that we have an unbiased approximation
of the population. However, probability sampling methods are not necessarily
the most common sampling methods in educational research.
Two other sampling methods appear to be particularly frequent. One
popular method is volunteer sampling. Volunteer sampling occurs when
we ask people to volunteer to take part in our research, through an
advertisement in a local paper or professional publication, a notice on a
university campus, etc. This method has the obvious advantage of being
easy and cheap but is highly problematic from the point of view of
obtaining an unbiased sample. People who volunteer to take part in
survey research are often untypical. They are likely to be those people
who have particularly strong views on the research subject or have a lot
of time on their hands. Often, volunteering is encouraged by giving a
(financial) reward to participants. This can help alleviate bias to some
extent, but unless the reward is substantial this is unlikely to attract
respondents who enjoy a good income. Bias is therefore a serious problem
with this sampling method.
Probably the most common sampling method in educational studies
at present is convenience sampling. This occurs where researchers have
easy access to particular sites, such as teachers they have worked with
before or pupils in their own schools, and use those people in their
research. This method has obvious advantages in terms of cost and convenience
but suffers from serious problems of bias, as the sites they have
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a school). This can be done for any number of stages, the three given herebeing just an example, and is often used in electoral studies.A problem with cluster and multistage sampling methods is that theyare no longer purely random. This is because generally speaking peoplewho are clustered within a site (e.g. pupils in a school) are more similarthan they are across sites. If we think about schools, we know thatwithin schools pupils are likely to be more homogeneous with respect tosocial background (due to catchment area effects) than the population ofpupils as a whole. Also, the very fact of being within a site, e.g. a school,will tend to make people more similar, as they are subject to the samepeer group effects and culture of the organisation. This leads to problemswhen we are doing statistical analyses in that we will need to use methodsthat have been designed specially for this type of sample, as we willsee in Chapter 11.The above are all probability sampling methods, and if used properlywe can be reasonably confident that we have an unbiased approximationof the population. However, probability sampling methods are not necessarilythe most common sampling methods in educational research.Two other sampling methods appear to be particularly frequent. Onepopular method is volunteer sampling. Volunteer sampling occurs whenwe ask people to volunteer to take part in our research, through anadvertisement in a local paper or professional publication, a notice on auniversity campus, etc. This method has the obvious advantage of beingeasy and cheap but is highly problematic from the point of view ofobtaining an unbiased sample. People who volunteer to take part insurvey research are often untypical. They are likely to be those peoplewho have particularly strong views on the research subject or have a lotof time on their hands. Often, volunteering is encouraged by giving a(financial) reward to participants. This can help alleviate bias to someextent, but unless the reward is substantial this is unlikely to attractrespondents who enjoy a good income. Bias is therefore a serious problemwith this sampling method.Probably the most common sampling method in educational studiesat present is convenience sampling. This occurs where researchers haveeasy access to particular sites, such as teachers they have worked withbefore or pupils in their own schools, and use those people in theirresearch. This method has obvious advantages in terms of cost and conveniencebut suffers from serious problems of bias, as the sites they have
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sekolah). Hal ini dapat dilakukan untuk sejumlah tahapan, tiga diberikan di sini
menjadi hanya sebuah contoh, dan sering digunakan dalam studi pemilu.
Masalah dengan cluster dan metode multistage sampling adalah bahwa mereka
tidak lagi murni acak. Hal ini karena umumnya orang
yang berkumpul dalam sebuah situs (misalnya siswa di sekolah) yang lebih mirip
daripada mereka di situs. Jika kita berpikir tentang sekolah, kita tahu bahwa
di sekolah-sekolah murid cenderung lebih homogen sehubungan dengan
latar belakang sosial (karena efek catchment area) dari populasi
siswa secara keseluruhan. Juga, fakta menjadi dalam sebuah situs, misalnya sekolah,
akan cenderung membuat orang lebih mirip, karena mereka tunduk sama
efek peer group dan budaya organisasi. Hal ini menyebabkan masalah
ketika kita melakukan analisis statistik dalam bahwa kita akan perlu menggunakan metode
yang telah dirancang khusus untuk jenis sampel, seperti yang akan kita
lihat dalam Bab 11.
Di atas semua metode probability sampling, dan jika digunakan dengan benar
kita dapat cukup yakin bahwa kami memiliki pendekatan berisi
penduduk. Namun, metode probability sampling belum tentu
metode pengambilan sampel yang paling umum dalam penelitian pendidikan.
Dua metode pengambilan sampel lainnya tampaknya sangat sering. Salah satu
metode yang populer adalah relawan sampling. Pengambilan sampel relawan terjadi ketika
kita meminta orang untuk secara sukarela mengambil bagian dalam penelitian kami, melalui
iklan di koran lokal atau publikasi profesional, pemberitahuan pada
kampus universitas, dll Metode ini memiliki keuntungan jelas menjadi
mudah dan murah tapi sangat bermasalah dari sudut pandang
memperoleh sampel berisi. Orang yang secara sukarela mengambil bagian dalam
penelitian survei sering untypical. Mereka cenderung menjadi orang-orang
yang memiliki pandangan yang sangat kuat pada subjek penelitian atau memiliki banyak
waktu di tangan mereka. Seringkali, relawan didorong dengan memberikan
(keuangan) reward kepada peserta. Hal ini dapat membantu meringankan bias beberapa
batas, tapi kecuali pahala adalah substansial ini tidak mungkin untuk menarik
responden yang menikmati penghasilan yang baik. Oleh karena itu Bias adalah masalah serius
dengan metode sampling ini.
Mungkin metode sampling yang paling umum dalam studi pendidikan
saat ini adalah convenience sampling. Hal ini terjadi di mana peneliti harus
akses mudah ke situs tertentu, seperti guru mereka telah bekerja dengan
sebelum atau murid di sekolah mereka sendiri, dan menggunakan orang-orang di mereka
penelitian. Metode ini memiliki keuntungan jelas dalam hal biaya dan kenyamanan
tetapi menderita masalah serius bias, sebagai situs mereka memiliki
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