In addition to population diversity and structure, a small number of studies have investigated multiple
paternity within cephalopods. Quinteiro et al. (2011) [18] sampled egg clutches of the common octopus,
O. vulgaris, and found evidence of between two to four males contributing to each clutch. Voight and
Feldheim (2009) [19] sampled young of the deep-sea octopus, Graneledone boreopacifica, and found at
least two genetically distinct sires contributed to the hatchlings analyzed. Finally Squires et al. (2011) [20]
also found evidence of multiple paternity in dumpling squid, Euprymna tasmanica, egg clutches.