Due to the low water content in them, rain, ice and hail have a little effect on attenuation. Attenuation can be caused by clouds but generally its effect is comparatively low. 4.6 SUMMARY surrounding the This unit discusses how the atmosphere earth affects the signals which pass through it. The layer of responsible for degrading the satellite signal lonosphere is majorly The ionosphere losses that mainly occur due to the electron clouds are pre calculated by the earth stations and accordingly the Further this Unit transmitted is adjusted. frequency of signal explains the effect of rain on a signal and calculates the rain attenuation.