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มีหลายปัจจัยที่จะส่งผลกระทบต่อการจัดการทรัพยากรมนุษย์ในองค์กรWhat are the downsizing driving forces? Why do firms resort to downsizing in the first place? While downsizing is viewed as a complicated,multifaceted phenomenon (Gandolfi, 2006), it hasgenerally been adopted either reactively or proactively (Macky, 2004). To put a single downsizing cause forward is problematic and underrates its inherent complexity. Eachdownsizing decision is likely to constitute a combination of company-specific, industryspecific,and macroeconomic factors (Drew, 1994).Firms frequently justify downsizing through theemergence of deregulation, globalization, merger and acquisition (M&A) activities, globalcompetition, technological innovation, and a shift in business strategies in order to achieve and retain competitive advantages (Sahdev, 2003;Zyglidopoulos, 2003).How do organizations implement downsizing?Three forms of implementation strategies havebeen identified; workforce reduction, organizationVolume 8, Number 1 ï April 2008 5redesign, and systemic strategies (Farell &Mavondo, 2004). First, the workforce reductionstrategy concentrates on the reduction of theoverall number of employees, including layoffs,retrenchments, natural attritions, early retirements,hiring freezes, golden parachutes, and buyoutpackages. This strategy is commonly implementedin a reactive manner as a cost-cutting measure(Ryan & Macky, 1998), yet has shown to be rarelysuccessful. Second, the organization redesignstrategy focuses on eliminating work and includesactivities, such as abolishing functions, eliminatinghierarchical levels, redesigning tasks, andconsolidating units (Farell & Mavondo, 2004).Third, the systemic strategy assumes a moreholistic and macro view focusing on changing theorganizationís intrinsic culture and the attitudes andvalues of its employees (Luthans & Sommer,1999). Studies have shown that most firms haveresorted to workforce reduction strategies
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