The unrestricted universal, which at first sight might seem to be the  translation - The unrestricted universal, which at first sight might seem to be the  Indonesian how to say

The unrestricted universal, which a

The unrestricted universal, which at first sight might seem to be the only justifiable type, can now be shown to be the mathematically limiting case of a typology that is based on a single predicate. Thus, if we assert as an unrestricted universal that all languages have vowels, then there is the implicit associated typology that is constructed from a single predicate Ø, the property of having vowels. There are two typological classes, that of languages that have the property Ø and that of languages that do not. The second class is empty, since there are no languages that do not have the property of possessing vowels. This parallel the earlier result with two predicates and four logically definable classes of languages, of which one is empty; this led to the formulation of an implicational universal.
We conclude that there is a reasonable basis for including implicational universals as a valid generalization about language. Further, one can point to the fact that scientific generalizations as a rule hold only under certain stated conditions, even in such advanced sciences as physics-for example, within certain limits of pressure.
Indeed, conditional generalizations are, for a number of reasons, of strategic importance in the study of the general properties of human languages. They are far more numerous than unrestricted generalizations, they exhibit interrelationships among linguistic variables (for example, the dual and the plural), and they establish hierarchical relations among linguistic categories. For example, the fact that the dual implies that plural-that is, that the former cannot exist without the latter being present-while the converse does not hold, permits us to conclude that in some sense the plural is more fundamental category in human language than the dual. Most importantly, as will appear, such generalizations can often be shown to exhibit interconnections with each other, to form a structure, at least in some instances, a system in their own right, that leads to the formulation of higher-level generalizations of which the individual implications then become examples.
Once we broadened the logical bases for generalizations about language, so as to include the implicational type that involves the relation of two predicates, there seems to be no reason for confining universals to the unrestricted and conditional types. The natural formulation appears to be that we will regard as a legitimate universal any statement that has as its logical scope the set of all natural languages. In terms of the symbolism employed earlier, this means that all statements are accepted that are of the type (x) e L … (for all values of x, if x is a language, then …).
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The unrestricted universal, which at first sight might seem to be the only justifiable type, can now be shown to be the mathematically limiting case of a typology that is based on a single predicate. Thus, if we assert as an unrestricted universal that all languages have vowels, then there is the implicit associated typology that is constructed from a single predicate Ø, the property of having vowels. There are two typological classes, that of languages that have the property Ø and that of languages that do not. The second class is empty, since there are no languages that do not have the property of possessing vowels. This parallel the earlier result with two predicates and four logically definable classes of languages, of which one is empty; this led to the formulation of an implicational universal. We conclude that there is a reasonable basis for including implicational universals as a valid generalization about language. Further, one can point to the fact that scientific generalizations as a rule hold only under certain stated conditions, even in such advanced sciences as physics-for example, within certain limits of pressure. Indeed, conditional generalizations are, for a number of reasons, of strategic importance in the study of the general properties of human languages. They are far more numerous than unrestricted generalizations, they exhibit interrelationships among linguistic variables (for example, the dual and the plural), and they establish hierarchical relations among linguistic categories. For example, the fact that the dual implies that plural-that is, that the former cannot exist without the latter being present-while the converse does not hold, permits us to conclude that in some sense the plural is more fundamental category in human language than the dual. Most importantly, as will appear, such generalizations can often be shown to exhibit interconnections with each other, to form a structure, at least in some instances, a system in their own right, that leads to the formulation of higher-level generalizations of which the individual implications then become examples. Once we broadened the logical bases for generalizations about language, so as to include the implicational type that involves the relation of two predicates, there seems to be no reason for confining universals to the unrestricted and conditional types. The natural formulation appears to be that we will regard as a legitimate universal any statement that has as its logical scope the set of all natural languages. In terms of the symbolism employed earlier, this means that all statements are accepted that are of the type (x) e L … (for all values of x, if x is a language, then …).
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The terbatas universal, yang pada pandangan pertama mungkin tampaknya menjadi satu-satunya jenis dibenarkan, sekarang dapat ditampilkan menjadi kasus matematis membatasi dari tipologi yang didasarkan pada predikat tunggal. Jadi, jika kita menyatakan sebagai universal yang tak terbatas bahwa semua bahasa memiliki vokal, maka ada yang terkait tipologi implisit yang dibangun dari Ø predikat tunggal, properti memiliki vokal. Ada dua kelas tipologi, bahwa bahasa yang memiliki Ø properti dan bahwa bahasa yang tidak. Kelas kedua adalah kosong, karena tidak ada bahasa yang tidak memiliki sifat memiliki vokal. Ini paralel hasil sebelumnya dengan dua predikat dan empat kelas logis didefinisikan bahasa, yang satu kosong; ini menyebabkan perumusan yang universal implicational.
Kami menyimpulkan bahwa ada dasar memadai untuk termasuk universal implicational sebagai generalisasi yang valid tentang bahasa. Selanjutnya, seseorang dapat menunjukkan fakta bahwa generalisasi ilmiah sebagai aturan tahan hanya di bawah kondisi yang dinyatakan tertentu, bahkan dalam ilmu canggih seperti misalnya fisika-untuk, dalam batas tertentu tekanan.
Memang, generalisasi bersyarat, untuk sejumlah alasan, kepentingan strategis dalam studi tentang sifat umum bahasa manusia. Mereka jauh lebih banyak daripada generalisasi terbatas, mereka menunjukkan keterkaitan antara variabel linguistik (misalnya, dual dan plural), dan mereka membangun hubungan hirarkis antara kategori linguistik. Misalnya, fakta bahwa ganda menyiratkan bahwa plural-yaitu, bahwa mantan tidak bisa ada tanpa yang terakhir hadir-sementara sebaliknya tidak tahan, memungkinkan kita untuk menyimpulkan bahwa dalam arti jamak adalah kategori yang lebih mendasar dalam bahasa manusia daripada ganda. Yang paling penting, seperti yang akan muncul, generalisasi seperti sering dapat ditunjukkan untuk menunjukkan interkoneksi dengan satu sama lain, membentuk struktur, setidaknya dalam beberapa kasus, sistem di kanan mereka sendiri, yang mengarah ke perumusan generalisasi-tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari yang implikasi individu maka menjadi contoh.
Setelah kami memperluas basis logis untuk generalisasi tentang bahasa, sehingga mencakup jenis implicational yang melibatkan hubungan dua predikat, ada tampaknya tidak ada alasan untuk membatasi universal untuk jenis terbatas dan bersyarat. Formulasi alami tampaknya bahwa kita akan menganggap sebagai yang sah yang universal pernyataan yang memiliki sebagai lingkup logis himpunan semua bahasa alami. Dalam hal simbolisme yang digunakan sebelumnya, ini berarti bahwa semua pernyataan yang diterima yang dari jenis (x) e L ... (untuk semua nilai x, jika x adalah bahasa, maka ...).
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