This chapter reports on aspects related to citrus fruit development and maturation in relation to quality during postharvest. Maturity and quality indices are discussed in relation to production environment and market demand. The consumption of citrus fruit and its human health-related issues are presented. Postharvest keeping quality is discussed in relation to preharvest and postharvest factors (such as climate, growing conditions and production practices, harvest practices, factors causing postharvest loss of quality, etc.) and to postharvest handling practices and used technologies. The most common pests, diseases and physiological disorders are briefly described with their main causes and remedies. Safety and quality assurance issues as well as best harvest and postharvest handling practices, including packinghouse operations, storage and transport conditions are also discussed.