been observed from both second and

been observed from both second and third trimester samples.
27,28 On the other hand, previous studies have usually
found an association between first- or second-trimester
exposure to infections and schizophrenia.23,26 Because
infections occurring at varying time points during pregnancy
seem to be associated with further development of
schizophrenia, it might be that the timing of the infection
might not be decisive, although animal studies have
found that the effects of prenatal influenza infection on
brain structure and animal behavior differ according to
the timing of the infection.29 Another mechanism that
might explain the effect of infections is fever, which may
also have teratogenic effects.26 Interestingly, Fatemi et al.
observed recently that when pregnant mice were infected
with influenza virus, placentas from infected mice had
morphological abnormalities.30 This suggests that prenatal
infections could also increase the risk of schizophrenia
through inducing placental abnormalities. We examined
whether placental abnormalities were more common in
pregnancies that had involved prenatal infections and
found that this was indeed the case: 60.3% of pregnancies
with maternal infection had placental abnormalities,
compared to 45.9% of pregnancies without infection
(χ2 = 4.58, P = .032). Among HR offspring who developed
a schizophrenia spectrum psychosis, there were 7
with maternal infection and all of them had placental
abnormalities, while the rate of placental abnormalities
in HR offspring with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis
without maternal infection was 66.7% (Fisher’s exact test
P = .14). Although this difference was not statistically
significant, the findings overall suggest that the effect of
infections might be at least partly mediated through their
effects on the placenta.
Maternal hypertension during pregnancy increased
the risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, while elevated
BP on arrival at the delivery ward increased the
risk of other mental disorders. Several previous studies
have observed that preeclampsia increases the risk of
schizophrenia,1,31,32 but there are also negative findings.33
Hypertension without other symptoms of preeclampsia
is almost twice as common as preeclampsia,34 but this
variable has not been included in most previous studies.
However, hypertension even in the absence of preeclampsia
is associated with increased risk of eg, being born
small for gestational age and of stillbirth.35 One recent
birth cohort study obtained similar results to ours: hypertension
but not preeclampsia increased the risk of adult
mental disorders, most notably the risk of anxiety and
mood disorders.36
Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia cause placental
lesions, eg, fibrin deposits and knots, which are
qualitatively similar although more severe in preeclampsia.
37 We examined whether placental abnormalities were
more common in pregnancies of mothers with hypertension
and found a trend towards this direction: in the total
sample, 61.1% of pregnancies with maternal hypertension
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Results (Indonesian) 1:

telah diamati dari kedua sampel trimester kedua dan ketiga.27,28 di sisi lain, studi sebelumnya telah biasanyamenemukan sebuah asosiasi antara atau kedua-trimester awalpaparan terhadap infeksi dan schizophrenia.23,26 karenainfeksi yang terjadi pada berbagai titik waktu selama kehamilantampaknya terkait dengan pengembangan lebih lanjutskizofrenia, mungkin itu waktu infeksitidak mungkin menentukan, meskipun studi hewanmenemukan bahwa efek prenatal influenza infeksi padastruktur otak dan perilaku hewan berbeda menurutwaktu infection.29 mekanisme lain yangmungkin menjelaskan efek dari infeksi adalah demam, yang dapatjuga memiliki effects.26 teratogenik Menariknya, Fatemi et al.mengamati baru-baru ini bahwa ketika hamil mencit diinfeksidengan influenza virus, memiliki plasenta dari terinfeksi tikusmorfologi abnormalities.30 ini menunjukkan bahwa prenatalinfeksi juga dapat meningkatkan risiko skizofreniamelalui merangsang bolus kelainan. Kita akan menelitiApakah bolus kelainan yang lebih umum dikehamilan yang melibatkan infeksi prenatal danditemukan bahwa ini memang kasus: 60.3% kehamilandengan infeksi ibu memiliki kelainan bolus,dibandingkan dengan 45.9% kehamilan tanpa infeksi(Χ2 = 4.58, P =.032 MENDAPAT Di antara keturunan HR yang mengembangkanskizofrenia spektrum psikosis, ada 7dengan ibu infeksi dan mereka semua telah boluskelainan, sementara tingkat bolus kelainandalam keturunan HR dengan skizofrenia spektrum psikosistanpa ibu infeksi adalah 66,7% (Fisher tepat ujiP =.14 MENDAPAT Meskipun perbedaan ini tidak Statistiksignifikan, temuan keseluruhan menunjukkan bahwa efekinfeksi mungkin setidaknya dimediasi melalui merekaefek pada plasenta.Ibu hipertensi selama kehamilan yang meningkatrisiko gangguan spektrum skizofrenia, sementara ditinggikanBP pada saat kedatangan di bangsal pengiriman meningkatrisiko gangguan mental lainnya. Beberapa studi sebelumnyaAmati Preeklamsia yang meningkatkan risikoskizofrenia, 1, 31, 32 tetapi ada juga findings.33 negatifHipertensi tanpa gejala lain dari Preeklamsiaini hampir dua kali biasa seperti Preeklamsia, 34 tetapi hal inivariabel tidak termasuk dalam studi-studi sebelumnya.Namun, hipertensi bahkan dalam ketiadaan Preeklamsiaini dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko misalnya, dilahirkankecil untuk usia kehamilan dan stillbirth.35 satu hariStudi kohort kelahiran memperoleh hasil yang sama kita: hipertensitetapi tidak Preeklamsia meningkatkan risiko dewasagangguan mental, terutama risiko kecemasan dansuasana hati disorders.36Preeklampsia dan hipertensi kehamilan menyebabkan boluslesi, misalnya, fibrin deposito dan knot, yangkualitatif serupa meskipun lebih parah dalam Preeklamsia.37 kita meneliti apakah kelainan boluslebih umum pada kehamilan ibu dengan hipertensidan menemukan sebuah tren ke arah ini: dalam totalsampel, 61.1% kehamilan dengan ibu hipertensiDownload dari http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/ oleh tamu pada tanggal 8 Juli 2015