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Process and Technology Status – Biofuels are liquid and gaseous fuels produced
from biomass. They can complement and/or replace fossil fuels and
reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector with only modest changes to
vehicle technology and the existing fuel distribution infrastructure. This brief
deals with the two major liquid biofuels: bioethanol and biodiesel. Biogas is
dealt with in ETSAP P11. Liquid biofuels are usually referred to as conventional
or advanced biofuels. Conventional biofuels are currently produced in
many countries and are based on well-known processes and feedstock (e.g.
bioethanol from sucrose and starchy biomass fermentation and biodiesel
from esterifi cation of vegetable oils). Global production of these conventional
biofuels has been growing rapidly over the past years, reaching the level of
105 billion litres a year in 2010 (i.e. about 3% of transport fuel demand) and
using 2-3% of the arable land. Apart from sugarcane ethanol, conventional
biofuels will hardly be sustainable in the future as large-scale production
would take away feedstock and land from food production and forestry. In
addition, they are rather expensive and off er only limited reductions in greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions compared to fossil fuels. Advanced biofuels
promise to be more sustainable, with higher emissions reductions. They are
based on biomass resources and land not used for other primary needs, such
as food production and farming. Feedstock includes ligno-cellulosic residues
from agriculture and forestry, fast-rotation non-food crops (possibly grown
on marginal, non-arable land), organic fraction of urban waste and micro-algae.
The conversion of these resources into biofuels requires processes that
are currently under commercial demonstration or under development, with
small plants in operation and large plants under construction or planned all
over the world.
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