The stimulus for the rise of the TPL industry can be found in developments on both the demand and the supply side of TPL services. Sheffi [9] describes how the US TPL industry has developed, and mentions several economic, regulatory, and technological trends as driving the development. Virum [1 0] discusses TPL development in Europe based on five cases, three Dutch and two Swedish providers. In addition to the rather generic reasons mentioned by both authors (competitive pressure, globalization etc.), we found the following drivers for outsourcing in
our previous research [11]: