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the quality of students’ drawings during learning and their learning
outcomes (e.g., Greene, 1989; Hall et al., 1997; Lesgold et al.,
1975, 1977; Schwamborn et al., 2010; van Meter, 2001; van Meter
et al., 2006). The quality of learner-generated drawing is also referred
to as the drawing accuracy (e.g., van Meter, 2001; van Meter
et al., 2006), and is defined as “the degree to which completed
drawings resemble the represented object(s)” (van Meter & Garner,
2005, p. 299). In a study by Hall et al. (1997), for example, college
students learning a mechanics lesson with the instruction to draw
produced better learning outcomes on a transfer test than a text
only control group, but only if they produced higher quality drawings.
In the study by Schwamborn et al. (2010), students who were
able to generate high accuracy drawings scored significantly higher
on learning outcome tests than did those who generated lower
accuracy drawings. In addition to this, Schwamborn and colleagues
also found that the quality of the generated drawings during
learning correlated positively with the comprehension test scores.
Based on these results Schwamborn et al. (2010) proposed the prognostic
drawing effect: Students, who produce high-quality drawings
during reading a scientific text, tend to score better on posttests
of learning outcome than do students who produce low-quality
drawings during reading.
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