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In this paper, we address three issues related to earnings management usingchanges in ETRs between the third and fourth quarters. First, we investigate apotential alternative explanation to the “last-chance earnings management” findingsof DGM 2004, controlling for tax-planning investment using tax fees paid toauditors as our proxy. We find evidence that tax fees paid to auditors significantlyimpact firms’ third-to-fourth-quarter changes in ETRs for firms that would missconsensus earnings forecasts absent tax expense management. Specifically, we findthat, among firms that would miss their consensus earnings forecasts without ETRchanges, higher levels of tax fees paid to auditors are associated with greater thirdto-fourth-quarter ETR reductions. We continue to find support for the earningsmanagement explanation for changes in ETRs proposed by DGM 2004.
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