9.1 Globalization—A Long-Term Perspective Globalization refers to the  translation - 9.1 Globalization—A Long-Term Perspective Globalization refers to the  Indonesian how to say

9.1 Globalization—A Long-Term Persp

9.1



Globalization—A Long-Term Perspective

Globalization refers to the way in which national economies are becoming increas-
ingly interconnected with one another. This increasing interconnection reveals itself in
three main markets:
• In 1990 total trade in goods and services (both exports and imports) amounted to
32% of GDP for OECD economies and 34% for emerging markets. By 2001
these numbers were 38% and 49% respectively. Figure 9.1 shows that around
three-quarters of countries now have open trade policies, accounting for nearly
half of the world population.
• Increased capital flows both between OECD nations and also between OECD
and emerging markets. For example, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) totalled
$324bn in 1995 but had reached $1.5 trillion by 2000.
• While labor flows have not reached their nineteenth century highs, immigration
has risen sharply in recent years.

WHEN DID GLOBALIZATION BEGIN?
World trade has been increasing for centuries as explorers have discovered trade routes
and the technology of transport has improved. The great voyages of Christopher
Columbus to the Americas in 1492 and Vasco da Gama to India in 1498 are dramatic
examples of this long-running process of globalization. However, while these heroic
journeys opened up new trading opportunities, the trade tended to be in high value
added items that played a relatively small role in the economy. If trade is substantial,
then prices for the same commodities should be similar in each location. Large price
differentials can only persist if traders cannot buy commodities in the cheap location
(which pushes up prices) and sell them in the more expensive location (which depresses
prices). Trade forces prices to converge. Figure 9.2 shows evidence for this in a narrow-
ing of price differentials during the nineteenth century in Amsterdam and Southeast
Asia for three traded goods: cloves, black pepper, and coffee.

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9.1 Globalization—A Long-Term Perspective Globalization refers to the way in which national economies are becoming increas-ingly interconnected with one another. This increasing interconnection reveals itself inthree main markets:• In 1990 total trade in goods and services (both exports and imports) amounted to32% of GDP for OECD economies and 34% for emerging markets. By 2001these numbers were 38% and 49% respectively. Figure 9.1 shows that aroundthree-quarters of countries now have open trade policies, accounting for nearlyhalf of the world population.• Increased capital flows both between OECD nations and also between OECDand emerging markets. For example, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) totalled$324bn in 1995 but had reached $1.5 trillion by 2000.• While labor flows have not reached their nineteenth century highs, immigrationhas risen sharply in recent years.WHEN DID GLOBALIZATION BEGIN?World trade has been increasing for centuries as explorers have discovered trade routesand the technology of transport has improved. The great voyages of ChristopherColumbus to the Americas in 1492 and Vasco da Gama to India in 1498 are dramaticexamples of this long-running process of globalization. However, while these heroicjourneys opened up new trading opportunities, the trade tended to be in high valueadded items that played a relatively small role in the economy. If trade is substantial,then prices for the same commodities should be similar in each location. Large pricedifferentials can only persist if traders cannot buy commodities in the cheap location(which pushes up prices) and sell them in the more expensive location (which depressesprices). Trade forces prices to converge. Figure 9.2 shows evidence for this in a narrow-ing of price differentials during the nineteenth century in Amsterdam and SoutheastAsia for three traded goods: cloves, black pepper, and coffee.
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9.1



Globalisasi-A Long-Term Perspektif

Globalisasi mengacu pada cara di mana ekonomi nasional menjadi semakin bertambah
ingly saling berhubungan satu sama lain. Interkoneksi meningkat ini mengungkapkan dirinya dalam
tiga pasar utama:
• Pada tahun 1990 total perdagangan barang dan jasa (baik ekspor dan impor) sebesar
32% dari PDB untuk ekonomi OECD dan 34% untuk pasar negara berkembang. Pada tahun 2001
angka ini masing-masing adalah 38% dan 49%. Gambar 9.1 menunjukkan bahwa sekitar
tiga-perempat dari negara sekarang memiliki kebijakan perdagangan terbuka, akuntansi selama hampir
setengah dari populasi dunia.
• Peningkatan arus modal baik antara negara-negara OECD dan juga antara OECD
dan pasar negara berkembang. Misalnya, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) mencapai
$ 324bn pada tahun 1995 tetapi telah mencapai $ 1500000000000 pada tahun 2000.
• Sementara tenaga kerja mengalir fl belum mencapai tertinggi mereka abad kesembilan belas, imigrasi
telah meningkat tajam dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.

KAPAN GLOBALISASI BEGIN?
Perdagangan dunia memiliki meningkat selama berabad-abad sebagai penjelajah telah menemukan rute perdagangan
dan teknologi transportasi telah meningkat. Pelayaran besar Christopher
Columbus ke Amerika pada tahun 1492 dan Vasco da Gama ke India pada tahun 1498 adalah dramatis
contoh ini proses berjalan lama globalisasi. Namun, sementara ini heroik
perjalanan membuka peluang perdagangan baru, perdagangan cenderung nilai tinggi
menambahkan item yang memainkan peran yang relatif kecil dalam perekonomian. Jika perdagangan substansial,
maka harga untuk komoditas yang sama harus sama di setiap lokasi. Harga yang besar
perbedaan hanya bisa bertahan jika pedagang tidak dapat membeli komoditas di lokasi murah
(yang mendorong naiknya harga) dan menjualnya di lokasi yang lebih mahal (yang menekan
harga). Pasukan perdagangan harga untuk berkumpul. Gambar 9.2 menunjukkan bukti untuk ini dalam sempit
ing dari perbedaan harga selama abad kesembilan belas di Amsterdam dan Tenggara
Asia selama tiga barang yang diperdagangkan: cengkeh, lada hitam, dan kopi.

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