Excited by his hypothesis, Dr. Ramachandran asked one of his patients, Tom if he would participate in a simple test. He touched various parts of Tom’s body and asked Tom what he felt. Remarkably, when he touched the side of Tom’s face on the same side as his amputated arm, Tom felt sensations from various parts of his phantom hand as well as his face. A second map of his hand was found on his shoulder (see Figure 10.20).
 Philip, another patient of Dr. Ramachandran, suffered from severe chronic pain in his phantom arm. For a decade, Philip’s phantom arm had been frozen in an awkward position (Ramachandran & Rogers- Ramachandran, 2000), and Philip suffered great pain in his elbow.