Johnson’s meticulous results accord

Johnson’s meticulous results accord with intuitions about the way social changes have
affected regional language varieties. They demonstrate the empirical reality that underlies
those intuitions.
4. Nonmobility as a Constant
Traditional dialectology selected subjects as a judgement sample, with a predetermined
and usually tightly circumscribed set of social characteristics. The set of characteristics
was based on a prototype informant known as NORM, an acronym for nonmobile, older,
rural (predominantly) males (Chambers and Trudgill 1998: 29-30). The Survey of
English Dialects, for instance, which conducted its field interviews in the period 1948-61,
assiduously sought NORMs (Orton 1962).
As social conditions altered, dialectologists tended to relax the informant prototype,
Regionality Chambers—7
albeit with a cultural lag. The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada (LAUSC),
though inaugurated some 15 years before the Survey of English Dialects, provided a
broader definition from the outset, presumably as a reflection of the greater
democratization of American society as compared to British society at the time. The
LAUSC guidelines called for NORMs (type IA in LAUSC terms) in all locations but
provided for other subject-types with wider social contacts and more extensive education
in about one-fifth of the locations (Kurath 1972). In the second half of the twentieth
century, the regional directors of the American surveys broadened their informant
profiles further within these general guidelines. Thus fieldworkers for the New England
atlas, who completed their interviews in 1936, included many fewer women, blacks and
middle-aged people proportionately than did fieldworkers in the Upper Midwest, where
work was completed in 1954 (Allen 1973-76). The most recently completed project area,
the Gulf States, for which fieldwork ended in 1980, drew its subjects from a broad social
spectrum in terms of sex, age, race, and populace, to the point where it approaches
inclusiveness (Pederson 1986).
Of the prototypical characteristics, the one that dialectologists have clung to with greatest
fidelity is nonmobility. Orton expressed the entrenched opinion when he noted that
“dialect-speakers whose residence in the locality had been interrupted by significant
absences were constantly regarded with suspicion” (1962: 15-16). McDavid said, “there
is a deliberate bias in the selection of informants, insistence on local roots and a
statistically disproportionate sample of the older and less educated” (1981: 71). Pederson,
director of the Gulf States project and direct descendant of McDavid’s tradition, relaxed
the bias toward the elderly and uneducated but retained the bias toward local roots. For
him as for his predecessors, “local nativity was the primary criterion in the choice of all
subjects” (Pederson 1986: 21). Thus, in traditional dialectology, sex, age, education and
other social factors have become more variable but region, with its hallmarks of local
nativity and immobility, has remained more or less constant.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Johnson's cermat hasil sesuai dengan intuisi tentang cara perubahan sosialterpengaruh varietas bahasa daerah. Mereka menunjukkan realitas empiris yang mendasariintuisi mereka.4. nonmobility sebagai konstanMata pelajaran tradisional dialektologi dipilih sebagai sampel penilaian, dengan yang telah ditetapkandan biasanya erat dibatasi serangkaian karakteristik sosial. Himpunan karakteristikBerdasarkan informan prototipe yang dikenal sebagai norma, akronim untuk nonmobile, tua,pedesaan (sebagian besar) laki-laki (Chambers dan Trudgill 1998: 29-30). Survei yangDialek bahasa Inggris, misalnya, yang dilakukan wawancara bidang dalam periode tahun 1948-61,tekun dicari norma (Orton 1962).Sebagai kondisi sosial berubah, dialectologists cenderung bersantai prototipe informan,Bilik-bilik regionalitas-7Meskipun dengan lag budaya. Atlas linguistik Amerika Serikat dan Kanada (LAUSC),Meskipun diresmikan 15 tahun sebelum survei dari bahasa dialek, tersediadefinisi yang lebih luas dari awal, mungkin sebagai refleksi besardemokratisasi masyarakat Amerika dibandingkan dengan British society pada saat. ThePedoman LAUSC menyerukan norma-norma (tipe IA dalam istilah-istilah LAUSC) di semua lokasi tetapidisediakan untuk subjek-jenis lainnya dengan kontak sosial yang lebih luas dan lebih luas pendidikandi sekitar seperlima dari lokasi (Kurath 1972). Di paruh kedua abad kedua puluhabad, Direktur regional survei Amerika memperluas informan merekaProfil lebih lanjut dalam pedoman umum. Dengan demikian pekerja untuk New EnglandAtlas, yang menyelesaikan wawancara mereka pada tahun 1936, termasuk banyak lebih sedikit perempuan, orang kulit hitam danorang-orang setengah baya secara proporsional daripada pekerja di Upper Midwest, manapekerjaan selesai pada 1954 (Allen 1973-76). Yang paling baru saja menyelesaikan proyek area,negara-negara Teluk, yang Lapangan berakhir pada tahun 1980, menarik warganya dari luas sosialspektrum dalam hal jenis kelamin, usia, ras, dan rakyat, ke titik di mana pendekataninklusif (Pederson 1986).Karakteristik prototipikal, salah satu yang dialectologists berpegangan dengan terbesarkesetiaan adalah nonmobility. Orton menyatakan pendapat berurat ketika ia mencatat bahwa"dialek-speaker yang tinggal di wilayah telah terganggu oleh signifikanabsen terus-menerus dianggap dengan kecurigaan"(1962: 15-16). McDavid berkata, "adaadalah bias disengaja dalam pemilihan informan, desakan akar lokal dansampel statistik tidak proporsional lebih tua dan kurang berpendidikan"(1981: 71). Pederson,Direktur proyek negara-negara Teluk dan keturunan langsung McDavid's tradisi, santaibias terhadap orang tua dan tidak berpendidikan tapi mempertahankan bias akar lokal. UntukDia seperti pendahulunya, "kelahiran lokal adalah kriteria utama dalam pemilihan semuasubjek"(Pederson 1986:21). Dengan demikian, pada dialektologi tradisional, jenis kelamin, usia, pendidikan danother social factors have become more variable but region, with its hallmarks of localnativity and immobility, has remained more or less constant.